陕西省生猪生产周期波动规律研究

本文采用时间序列分析方法研究陕西省生猪生产周期波动规律,估计了周期波动的频率与强度,讨论了波动发生的根源和不同猪群,不同地区之间波动的联系。在分析讨论的基础上,建立了生产发展预测公式,提出了“适宜增长速度”概念,并就减缓生猪生产波动,促进稳定发展的对策进行了探讨。     

2019年亚欧地区非洲猪瘟疫情形势分析

2019年亚欧地区共有23个国家和地区报告发生5 253起非洲猪瘟疫情,其中：亚洲12个,报告疫情528起,欧洲11个,报告疫情4 725起。疫情主要集中在东欧、东亚和东南亚地区;2月报告疫情数最多（652起）,4月最少（267起）,但季节性特征并不明显;欧洲疫情以野猪感染为主,疫情数占欧洲总数的74.23%（3 517/4 725）,亚洲疫情以家猪感染为主,疫情数占亚洲总数的90.34%（477/528）。总体而言,2019年非洲猪瘟疫情对亚欧地区影响巨大,共计扑杀生猪210多万头;疫情传播迅速,1年内就从亚洲北部扩散至最南部的东帝汶,而且还有继续扩散的风险;随着疫情在野猪圈蔓延,以及亚洲地区猪存栏量大、生物安全条件差等因素的存在,亚欧地区非洲猪瘟防控任重道远。针对目前的非洲猪瘟疫情形势,需加强国际和区域合作,进行全面联防联控。     

Characteristic features of porcine endogenous retroviruses in Vietnamese native pigs

We aimed to clarify the genomic characteristics of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in Vietnamese native pig (VnP) breeds. First, we investigated genetic polymorphisms in β‐ and γ‐like PERVs, and we then measured the copy numbers of infectious γ‐like PERVs (PERV‐A, B, and C). We purified genomic DNA from 15 VnP breeds from 12 regions all over the country and three Western pig breeds as controls, and investigated genetic polymorphisms in all known PERVs, including the beta (β)1–4 and gamma (γ)1–5 groups. PERVs of β1, β2, β3, and γ4 were highly polymorphic with VnP‐specific haplotypes. We did not identify genetic polymorphisms in β4, γ1, or γ2 PERVs. We then applied a real‐time polymerase chain reaction–based method to estimate copy numbers of the gag, pol, and env genes of γ1 PERVs (defined as A, B, and C). VnP breeds showed significantly lower copy number of the PERV genes compared with the Western pig breeds (on average, 16.2 and 35.7 copies, respectively, p < .05). Two VnP breeds showed significantly higher copy number compared with the other VnPs (p < .05). Our results elucidated that VnPs have specific haplotypes and a low copy number of PERV genes.     

Selection based on morphological features of porcine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization: Timing of early cleavages and the effect of polyspermy

The aim of this study was to examine whether a morphological approach is efficient for selecting high‐quality porcine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) under high polyspermy conditions. Frozen‐thawed Meishan epididymal spermatozoa showing moderate and high polyspermy were subjected to IVF (1 × 10⁵ sperms/ml). Under conditions of moderate polyspermy, 4‐cell embryos selected at 48 hr after IVF (single selection) and 8‐cell embryos selected at 79 hr after IVF from the collected 4‐cell embryos (double selection) showed high developmental competence. Likewise, 4‐ and 8‐cell embryos produced by IVF under high polyspermy conditions also showed high competence for development to blastocysts. However, blastocysts derived from high polyspermy conditions had significantly fewer cells than those produced under moderate polyspermy conditions. Furthermore, the frequency of nuclear and chromosomal abnormalities in 4‐ and 8‐cell embryos produced under conditions of high polyspermy was significantly (p < .05) higher in comparison to moderate polyspermy conditions. These findings suggest that although high polyspermy affects the frequency of nuclear and chromosomal anomalies in porcine IVF embryos, subsequent selection based on morphological features of 4‐ and 8‐cell embryos even under high polyspermy conditions, could be an alternative option for selecting porcine IVF embryos with high development ability.     

黑土区土壤养分状况变化及施肥措施

1998年对黑土区（弓棚镇）的耕层土壤养分进行分析，并与1990年该区土壤的化验结果进行了比较。结果表明：全区土壤速效氮、速磷含量有所增加，以速效磷增加尤为突出，速效钾降低严重。与其它黑土区的土壤养分变化状况基本一致，并系统分析了土壤养分降低的原因，提出了合理的施肥措施。     

不同增重剂对枯草期同羊生长的影响

应用“ＣＮＴ”及“９２１１”增重剂处理枯草期同羊。结果表明，两种增重剂可有效促进同羊生长，防止掉膘损失，增重效果达５０％以上；在改善同羊胴体组成方面，“９２１１”增重剂可使眼肌面积、后腿重和熟肉率分别提高８．８９％，２１．１９％和２．００％，“ＣＮＴ”增重效果则相应为１１．８３％，１０．２４％和７．８１％．     

Historical Profiles of Trace Element Concentrations in Mangrove Sediments from the Ba Lat Estuary,Red River,Vietnam

Historical profiles of trace element concentrations were reconstructed from two mangrove sediment cores collected within the Ba Lat Estuary (BLE), Red River, Vietnam. Chronologies of sediment cores were determined by the ²¹⁰Pb method, which showed that each respective sediment core from the south and north entrances of BLE provided a record of sediment accumulation spanning approximately 100 and 60 years. The profiles of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, V, Co, Sb, and Sn concentrations markedly increased from the years of the 1920s–1950s, and leveled out from 1950s–1980s, and then gradually decreased from 1980s to present. The profiles of Cd and Ag concentrations increased from 1920s–1940s, and then decreased from 1940s to present. The profile of Mo concentrations progressively increased from 1920s–1980s, then decreased to present. The Mn concentrations failed to show a clear trend in both sediment cores. Results from contamination factors, Pearson’s correlation, and hierarchical cluster analysis suggest that the trace elements were likely attributed to discharge of untreated effluents from industry, domestic sewage, as well as non-point sources. Pollution Load Index (PLI) revealed levels higher than other mangrove sediment studies, and the long-term variations in PLI matched significant socioeconomic shifts and population growth in Vietnam. Geoaccumulation Index showed that mangrove sediments were moderately polluted by Pb and Ag, and from unpolluted to moderately polluted by Zn, Cu, and Sb. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd exceeded the threshold effect levels and effect range low concentrations of sediment quality guidelines, implying that the sediments may be occasionally associated with adverse biological effects to benthic organisms.     

螯合剂对大叶井口边草Pb、Cd、As吸收性影响研究

用室内土培试验方法,研究在采自田间的Pb、Cd、As、Zn和Cu复合污染土壤上种植大叶井口边草条件下,外源分别添加0、1.5、3、6、12 mmol/kg乙二胺二琥珀酸（EDDS）、氨三乙酸（NTA）和乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）对大叶井口边草吸收Pb、Cd和As的影响。结果表明,3种螯合剂处理对大叶井口边草生物量没有显著影响,说明大叶井口边草对3种螯合剂耐性较强;6、12 mmol/kg EDTA处理能极显著提高土壤Pb有效态浓度,进而促进大叶井口边草对Pb的吸收。大叶井口边草地上部Pb吸收量最高达（47.4 ± 1.7）mg/kg,是对照的3.66倍。6、12 mmol/kg EDTA处理能极显著地提高土壤中Cd的有效性,但未促进大叶井口边草地上部对Cd吸收。6 mmol/kg EDDS和3 mmol/kg NTA显著提高了土壤中As有效态浓度,进而提高大叶井口边草地上部对As的吸收,大叶井口边草地上部吸收As最高达（276 ± 10） mg/kg。6 mmol/kg EDTA和6 mmol/kg EDDS处理下大叶井口边草提取的Pb、As量最大,分别为（317 ± 53） μg/盆和（873 ± 41）μg/盆,说明6 mmol/kg EDDS处理下大叶井口边草对复合污染土壤中As的修复具有较大的潜力。     

半干旱草原潜在土壤风力侵蚀空间格局研究

中国绝大多数的干旱半干旱地区遭受着严重的风力侵蚀。风蚀可导致土壤流失、肥力下降,最终导致土地荒漠化。半干旱草原区的荒漠化问题日益突出,由此带来的沙尘暴等灾害天气增多,给人们的生产生活带来诸多不便。从影响土壤风力侵蚀的风速、干燥度、植被盖度、地形起伏度、土壤可蚀性以及放牧压力6个方面出发,借助GIS技术,通过主成分分析研究半干旱草原区达茂旗土壤风力侵蚀的空间分布格局。结果表明:达茂旗潜在土壤风力侵蚀指数由南向北呈高—低—高趋势。达茂旗北部地区土壤风蚀主要受风速、干燥度和植被指数影响;中部地区风力侵蚀主要受地形起伏度的影响,地形起伏对风的消减作用增强,使得风力降低,加之该地区土壤可蚀性和干燥度相对较低,风力侵蚀指数低;南部土壤风力侵蚀主要受放牧压力影响,春季正是牧草返青季节,植被盖度低,且牲畜密度相对较大,放牧对草场的压力大,土壤风力侵蚀严重。风力侵蚀各影响因子的时空异质性是导致半干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要原因。干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要影响因素是风速、干燥度和植被指数,其次受地形和土壤可蚀性的影响,而放牧压力是半干旱草原区土壤风力侵蚀的主要人为因素之一。     

中亚天然气管道发展现状与特点分析

中亚与中国毗邻,管道天然气贸易拥有显著的地缘优势.为了更好地利用中亚天然气资源,系统研究了中亚地区哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦3国的天然气管道发展现状、分布特点及近期发展规划,详细介绍了中亚—中央、中亚—中国、布哈拉—乌拉尔、土库曼斯坦—伊朗等重要的天然气出口管道.在此基础上,总结了中亚天然气长输管道的特点,包括管道地区分布不均匀、腐蚀严重、安全运营难度大、基本被国家石油天然气公司或其子公司控制等.