重庆雪宝山自然保护区生态安全设计

介绍了重庆雪宝山自然保护区的基本情况、保护区自然资源的主要特色及其科学价值，论述了保护区生态安全设计的指导思想和原则，略述了该设计的主要内容。     

The Efficacy of Mechanical Abrasion and Talc Slurry as Methods of Pleurodesis in Normal Dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of mechanical abrasion and talc slurry as methods for pleurodesis in normal dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Ten normal beagle dogs. METHODS: Group I dogs had mechanical abrasion (MA) of the pulmonary and costal pleurae performed in one hemithorax with a dry gauze sponge with a median sternotomy approach. Group II dogs had 100 mL of a 1 g talc slurry (TS) administered into one hemithorax through a tube thoracostomy. Administration of the TS was visualized by using video thoracoscopy. All dogs were evaluated at 2, 10, 20, and 30 days postoperatively by means of thoracic radiography and ultrasonographic thoracic wall measurement. The dogs were euthanatized 30 days postoperatively and a gross necropsy was performed. Hemithoraces were assigned a pleurodesis score (0-4) and an obliteration grade (0-6). Tissues were collected for histopathologic examination of pulmonary pleura, costal pleura, and pleural adhesions. Pulmonary and costal pleurae were graded for the degree of fibrosis (0-4). RESULTS: Obliteration grade and costal pleural fibrosis score were significantly higher for the treated sides in the MA dogs compared with the TS dogs. MA Dogs: Mechanical abrasion dogs had pleurodesis, obliteration, and pleural fibrosis scores that were greater on the treated side than the untreated side, however, the differences were not statistically significant. Only two MA dogs had firm adhesion of the pulmonary pleura to the costal pleura in portions of the cranial and middle lung lobes in the treated hemithorax. Thoracic wall surface area covered with adhesions was 15% and 21% in each of these two dogs. The median pulmonary pleural fibrosis score of all MA dogs for the treated hemithorax was 3 compared to 0 on the untreated side. TS Dogs: There was no statistical difference for pleurodesis scores and obliteration grades between the treated and untreated sides. No dogs showed evidence of pulmonary to costal pleural adhesions. Histopathology showed talc crossover into the untreated side in all five dogs. Median pulmonary fibrosis score of the treated hemithorax was 1 compared with 0 on the untreated side. CONCLUSIONS: Neither method of pleurodesis produced sufficient pleural adhesions to obliterate the pleural space. It is possible that the degree of pulmonary pleural fibrosis present in MA dogs may be sufficient to limit air leakage from pulmonary blebs and bullae resulting in successful treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.     

不同营养添加剂对热应激异育银鲫血液生化指标的影响

为探讨VC、VE和小肽对鱼类抗热应激能力的影响及营养调控作用。本研究选择体重(100±3)g的异育银鲫150尾,随机分成5组,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组。Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组为试验组,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加VC制剂100mg/kg、VE制剂100mg/kg、VC制剂100mg/kg VE制剂100mg/kg和1%小肽(替代基础日粮中等量鱼粉)的日粮。常温(25℃)下饲养42d后,将鱼在31℃水中应激24h,随机抽取应激前后3尾鱼血样,测定应激前后血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乙酰胆碱脂酶(TchE)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性。结果表明:在常温养殖条件下,VE组血清TchE活性显著降低(P<0.05),GOT活性显著升高(P<0.05),其他各组鱼血清3种酶活性与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);热应激后,与常温状态相比,添加VC、VE使得SOD活性降低,GOT、TchE活性升高;VC与VE协同作用引起TchE、GOT活性显著上升(P<0.05),SOD活性没有变化;添加小肽能使TchE活性显著升高(P<0.05),SOD、GOT活性不变。与高温对照组相比,VC与VE协同作用组显著提高了SOD、TchE活性(P<0.05);添加小肽可提高SOD活性,降低TchE和GOT活性。由此表明,通过在日粮中补充抗热应激营养添加剂,有助于增强鱼类机体的抗热应激能力;添加小肽以及VC与VE协同作用对缓解异育银鲫热应激损伤具有良好的调控作用。     

含水量与包装方法对大黄品质的影响

通过观察比较不同含水量和包装方法下大黄的外观及品质变化,探寻一种经济实用的大黄包装储藏方法。结果表明,大黄最佳包装条件为含水量16%～18%时采用抽真空包装。该条件下大黄未发生霉变,质量损耗为2.79 g;蒽醌含量可达1.89%,浸出物含量可达31.50%。     

拷贝数变异在畜禽中的研究进展

拷贝数变异（copy number variation,CNV）具有多种形式的变异结构,在品种多样性、生物进化和疾病相关性等研究中起着重要作用,并具有片段长度大、覆盖范围广等特点。随着分子生物学的发展及DNA测序技术的日渐成熟,人们对遗传变异的研究不断向DNA分子水平深入,多态性标记在畜禽育种中已逐渐成为动物育种研究的趋势和主流。由于CNV对基因的调控和表达所造成的影响更为显著,因此,CNV在重要畜禽中的研究越来越多。目前,已检测出大量有关畜禽重要经济性状的基因序列变异,并有许多研究均表明CNV与动物的重要经济特征及疾病的发生有关。笔者主要通过参考国内外相关的研究报道,简述了CNV的相关研究背景、概念、突变机制,归纳总结了CNV对牛、羊、猪、鸡的经济性状、繁殖性状和疾病调控的影响,以期通过对这些重要畜禽的基因组学研究揭示其适应性遗传机理和表型性状差异的遗传基础,开发相应的分子遗传标记,为畜禽的标记辅助选育提供理论基础。     

野老鹳草Geranium carolinianum种子的萌发条件

为明确野老鹳草Geranium carolinianum种子的休眠特性及萌发适宜的环境条件,采用培养皿法和盆钵法研究野老鹳草种子萌发和出苗适宜的条件,记录种子萌发数,计算种子萌发率、平均萌发时间及萌发指数。结果显示,野老鹳草具有较长的休眠期,新采集的野老鹳草种子在室温干储210 d后可以解除休眠;在10~25℃的恒温条件下种子萌发率均在93.8%以上;有无光照及光周期的长短对种子的萌发无影响;对酸碱度不敏感,在pH 4~10范围内种子萌发率均在91.3%以上;对水势具有一定耐受力,抑制50%种子萌发率所需的水势为-0.42 MPa;盐分对野老鹳草种子萌发具有一定抑制作用,当盐浓度达到160 mmol/L时基本不能萌发;此外,种子在土壤垂直深度5 cm以内时仍然可以出苗,对播种深度适应性较强。表明野老鹳草种子具有较长休眠期,土壤层积可解除种子休眠;而且野老鹳草种子对温度、光照、土壤酸碱度、播种深度适应性较强,水势及盐分对种子萌发有一定影响。     

利用绿色荧光蛋白优化辣椒遗传转化体系

【目的】农杆菌介导的辣椒遗传转化较为困难,至今仍未建立高效转化体系。绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因是植物遗传转化中常用的报告基因,以GFP为报告基因,优化农杆菌介导的辣椒遗传转化体系。【方法】利用GFP表达系统,统计3个辣椒品种(‘HP’‘8214’和‘L55’)中3种不同外植体(子叶、下胚轴和Flamingo-bill外植体)的不定芽分化率、不定根分化率与荧光阳性率,探究农杆菌侵染浓度、侵染时间、预培养时间和共培养时间等因素对不定芽、不定根分化率及荧光阳性率的影响。【结果】3个辣椒品种的Flamingo-bill外植体不定芽分化率均显著高于下胚轴与子叶外植体,其中‘L55’ Flamingo-bill外植体的不定芽分化率最高、达77.59%,故选用‘L55’ Flamingo-bill外植体进行后续研究。4种农杆菌不同侵染浓度和时间组合下,‘L55’Flamingo-bill外植体均可产生不定芽、不定根及表达GFP的愈伤组织,当农杆菌侵染浓度为OD₆₀₀=0.05,侵染时间为30 min时,不定芽分化率和荧光阳性率最高,分别达48.39%、4.84%。在6种不同预培...     

寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾的斑痣悬茧蜂生长发育表现

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith),又称秋黏虫,是新入侵我国的外来物种。为探究本土天敌斑痣悬茧蜂寄生不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫后的生长发育表现,本研究检测了斑痣悬茧蜂寄生2龄、3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫后子代蜂幼虫发育历期、茧历期、羽化率、茧重、成蜂个体大小和成蜂寿命。结果表明,寄主龄期对子代蜂的幼虫发育历期、茧历期和成蜂寿命存在显著影响。与寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂相比,寄生2龄和3龄幼虫的子代蜂幼虫发育历期分别平均延长了2.08 d(z=5.42,P0.05)和1.64 d(z=4.23,P0.05);寄生2龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期平均延长了0.46 d(z=3.51,P0.05),但寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期与寄生3龄幼虫的子代蜂茧历期无显著差异。4龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命比在2龄和3龄幼虫体内羽化的子代蜂成蜂寿命分别平均延长了1.46 d(z=-2.60,P0.05)和1.68 d(z=-2.98,P0.05)。寄主龄期对子代蜂羽化率、茧重和成蜂个体大小无显著影响。随寄主龄期增大,子代蜂的发育速度加快,但寿命缩短。研究结果将为揭示斑痣悬茧蜂与寄主草地贪夜蛾的互作关系提供参考。