Study on a new synthesis approach of glyphosate

On the basis of glycine-dimethyl phosphite synthesis of glyphosate, a new synthesis approach of glyphosate, without using triethylamine and the establishment of triethylamine recovery equipment, was designed in the laboratory. The environmental pollutants were reduced. The influences of reactant amount (mol), reaction temperature (°C), and reaction time (min) on the glyphosate yield and purity were investigated. The results showed that the glyphosate yield and purity could be 80.12 and 86.31 wt %, respectively, under the optimum scheme for glyphosate yield (glycine consumption, 0.1 mol; dimethyl phosphite consumption, 0.12 mol; condensation reaction temperature, 50 °C; hydrochloric acid consumption in hydrolysis reaction, 0.35 mol; temperature of acidification with hydrochloric acid, 10 °C; adjusting hydrolysis product pH value, 1.0; time of dropping esterifying liquid into hydrochloric acid in hydrolysis reaction, 80 min; hydrolysis reaction temperature, 120 °C; and vacuum distillation time, 90 min), and the glyphosate yield and purity could be 77.92 and 94.94 wt %, respectively, under the optimum scheme for glyphosate purity (glycine consumption, 0.1 mol; dimethyl phosphite consumption, 0.1 mol; condensation reaction temperature, 50 °C; hydrochloric acid consumption in hydrolysis reaction, 0.35 mol; temperature of acidification with hydrochloric acid, 10 °C; adjusting hydrolysis product pH value, 1.5; time of dropping esterifying liquid into hydrochloric acid in hydrolysis reaction, 60 min; hydrolysis reaction temperature, 110 °C; and vacuum distillation time, 90 min). The product structures under the two schemes were confirmed by means of FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and (1)H NMR ((1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy).     

Control of cotton <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium</Emphasis> wilt and fungal diversity of rhizosphere soils by bio-organic fertilizer

Cotton Verticillium wilt is a destructive soil-borne disease affecting cotton production. In this study, application of bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) at the beginning of nursery growth and/or at the beginning of transplanting was evaluated for its ability to control Verticillium dahliae Kleb. The most efficient control of cotton Verticillium wilt was achieved when the nursery application of BIO was combined with a second application in transplanted soil, resulting in a wilt disease incidence of only 4.4%, compared with 90.0% in the control. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns showed that the consecutive applications of BIO at nursery and transplanting stage resulted in the presence of a unique group of fungi not found in any other treatments. Humicola sp., Metarhizium anisopliae, and Chaetomium sp., which were considered to be beneficial fungi, were found in the BIO treatment, whereas some harmful fungi, such as Alternaria alternate, Coniochaeta velutina, and Chaetothyriales sp. were detected in the control. After the consecutive applications of BIO at nursery and transplanting stage, the V. dahliae population in the rhizosphere soil in the budding period, flowering and boll-forming stage, boll-opening stage, and at harvest time were 8.5 × 10², 3.1 × 10², 4.6 × 10², and 1.7 × 10² colony-forming units per gram of soil (cfu g⁻¹), respectively, which were significantly lower than in the control (6.1 × 10³, 3.4 × 10³, 5.2 × 10³, and 7.0 × 10³ cfu g⁻¹, respectively). These results indicate that the suggested application mode of BIO could effectively control cotton Verticillium wilt by significantly changing the fungal community structure and reducing the V. dahliae population in the rhizosphere soil.     

拟南芥Psrp-4基因参与光合作用机制的研究

叶绿体核糖体是植物特有的细胞器之一,其主要功能是合成质体基因编码的蛋白质.已有研究表明在叶绿体核糖体内含有6个质体特有蛋白PSRP （plastid-specific ribosomal protein）,分别命名为PSRP1~PSRP6.然而,这些蛋白在叶绿体蛋白合成过程以及光合作用中的作用机制研究尚处初级阶段.在本研究中,为了阐明PSRP-4蛋白在叶绿体发育过程中的作用机制,我们利用Gateway系统构建了Psrp-4基因（At2g38140）的RNAi表达载体,转化野生型拟南芥后获得了Psrp-4基因表达量明显降低的psrp-4突变体.研究结果表明：psrp-4突变体比野生型生长略微缓慢,但叶片颜色与野生型差别不大,能够进行正常的光合作用.在高光胁迫条件下,测定psrp-4突变体光合化学效率,发现与野生型差异不明显;进一步的蛋白免疫印记实验证明Psrp-4基因表达量的降低对PSⅡ反应中心D1蛋白的周转也没有明显影响.因此,推测PSRP-4蛋白可能不是叶绿体蛋白合成以及光合作用的正常进行所必需的.     

微生物肥料的包埋固定化研究

为了克服单种材料包埋的不足,提高微生物肥料包埋颗粒的综合性能,本研究以海藻酸钠（SA）配合聚乙烯醇（PVA）为包埋剂,并添加适宜辅料,对复合菌体（根瘤菌解磷菌解钾菌）进行包埋固定化,以包埋操作及颗粒综合性能等为指标,筛选出较优的包埋材料组成为:SA3.0%-PVA（2.5%~3.0%）辅料（SiO24.0%CaCO30.3%）。在此条件下,操作性和成球性较好,所得包埋颗粒呈规则球形,直径为3mm～4mm,机械强度为53.4g/g～59.6g/g,包埋率为91.4%～94.3%,经过72h增殖培养颗粒的活菌数达到1011cfu/g,增殖500多倍,活菌释放率达到90%以上。     

小型无线遥控和实时配药喷施机的研制

为解决某些需要小型质保机械作业,而人工喷施农药工效较低且喷施过程中农药对操作人员身体的危害等问题,该文设计了以单片机为处理核心的无线遥控农药喷施机,并采取边喷施边配制的工作方式。该喷施机由蓄水箱、喷施系统、喷杆调节系统、行进系统、供电系统、无线遥控系统等组成,样机机身质量约为41.5kg,并对样机进行测试。测试结果表明,该农药喷施机行进速度最快可达1500m/h,性能平稳且可靠,最大可喷施面积为8000m2/h(而传统的手工喷施面积为1000～3000m2/h),喷施工效约是人工喷施的2～3倍,且通过远距离遥控完成喷施过程,保证了操作人员的安全,又因边施边配可避免喷施药液配制过多而造成农药的浪费及对环境的污染。     

不同灌溉方式对大棚黄瓜生长、产量及水分生产效率的影响

以黄瓜中农16为试材,研究了不同灌溉方式对其生长、产量、水分生产效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,膜上沟灌、膜下沟灌和灌水带处理能够促进植株生长、提高产量和水分生产效率。其中膜下沟灌处理的产量、水分生产效率和经济效益最高,产量提高10.1%,处理间差异显著;水分生产效率提高6.5kg/m3,经济效益增加6291元/hm²。因此,膜下沟灌是春茬黄瓜大棚栽培适宜的灌溉方式。     

太湖地区稻麦轮作农田有机和常规种植模式下氮磷径流流失特征研究

为探究不同种植模式对氮磷流失的影响,采用田间径流池法,在太湖地区稻麦轮作系统中,通过连续两年田间试验,研究比较了等氮投入条件下常规种植和有机种植模式农田径流水中氮、磷浓度特征,以及径流氮、磷流失量、流失系数。结果表明,稻季和麦季农田径流中总氮、可溶性氮、铵态氮和硝态氮平均浓度和总氮流失量均表现为:常规种植有机种植对照。与常规种植相比,有机种植模式能够有效减少稻麦轮作农田中氮的径流流失,且对麦季氮素径流流失的减少效果优于稻季;尽管有机种植模式下磷流失系数低于常规种植,但有机肥投入携带的高磷量会增加农田磷素径流流失量。     

国际标准化组织(ISO)乳与乳制品标准体系

我国和其他乳类生产、消费大国在乳与乳制品标准的制定和实施方面存在着很大的差距.本文通过收集整理国际标准化组织(international standardization organization,ISO)乳与乳制品相关标准,对ISO乳与乳制品标准体系的构成、现状及特点进行了介绍和剖析,并与我国乳与乳制品标准体系现状进行了对比分析.     

山羊生长分化因子9基因FecTT突变检测

本研究采用PCR-RFLP方法检测生长分化因子9(growth differentiation factor 9, GDF9)基因FecTT突变在济宁青山羊、贵州白山羊、大足黑山羊、陕南白山羊、古蔺马羊、马头山羊、波尔山羊、成都麻羊、萨能奶山羊、文登奶山羊、板角山羊、金堂黑山羊、关中奶山羊、川东白山羊、安哥拉山羊、辽宁绒山羊、内蒙古绒山羊等17个山羊品种中的分布。结果表明,在17个山羊品种中都未检测到FecTT突变,提示,GDF9基因影响Thoka绵羊高繁殖力的FecTT突变对以上17个山羊品种的繁殖力均没有显著影响。     

4条小麦保守MicroRNAs的表达谱分析及其靶基因预测

为鉴定与小麦发育相关的MicroRNA(miRNA)及了解其调控作用,在前期构建小麦5叶期幼苗、抽穗期旗叶及花后5、10和20 d籽粒的小RNA库并进行高通量测序的基础上,从小麦样品间有差异表达的miRNAs中选取4条丰度较高且差异表达明显的保守miRNAs序列(miR168、miR167、miR396和miR159),进行表达模式的半定量和实时定量RT-PCR验证及靶基因的预测分析。结果表明,4条miRNAs的表达量在旗叶中最高,在幼苗中次之,在正在发育的籽粒中较低,与测序数据大致相符。预测得到的靶基因都是可能参与小麦生长发育的基因。