氮、磷添加对青藏高寒草甸土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征影响的Meta分析

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸土壤碳(Carbon,C)、氮(Nitrogen,N)、磷(Phosphorus,P)化学计量特征对氮、磷添加的响应,提高养分管理水平及草地生态系统的养分平衡。本研究严格筛选出21篇文章(612项数据)进行Meta分析,通过亚组分析分析了不同施肥方式(氮添加、磷添加、氮磷添加)、不同施肥强度(轻度、中度、重度)对青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明：养分添加显著增加了青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P含量;氮添加对土壤的增加效应随施肥强度增加而增加,磷轻度施肥(20g·m^-2以下)处理、氮磷添加轻度施肥处理下的土壤C,N,P含量及化学计量比增加效果最好。本研究结果总体反映出氮、磷添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤产生积极影响,研究结果可为青藏高原草地生态系统的保护提供科学依据。     

Helminth parasites of freshwater fishes from Cuatro Ciénegas,Coahuila, in the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico: inventory and biogeographical implications

As part of an ongoing inventory of the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes in Mexico, 570 individual fish were collected between Apr 2008 and Oct 2011 in 26 localities along the Cuatro Ciénegas region in Coahuila State, northern Mexico. Seventeen species of hosts, mostly corresponding to Nearctic freshwater elements, were studied. A total of 8324 individual worms were collected during this survey, representing 25 species of helminths, of which 9 were digeneans, 3 monogeneans, 3 acanthocephalans, 9 nematodes and 1 cestode. Most of the records in this checklist represent new host or locality records. The information provided in this checklist may be helpful for our understanding of the biodiversity and historical biogeography of this host–parasite system, because in the Cuatro Ciénegas region occur a Nearctic freshwater fish fauna, along with Neotropical and endemic elements, and from a biogeographical point of view, this may represent a transitional area.     

多年生人工草地矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)种群空间格局与种内关联性

植物种群空间分布格局不仅反映植物的空间分布特点,还有助于研究者了解植物利用资源的现状和生存能力。本研究以矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)为研究对象,按株丛斑块面积将矮生嵩草分为小斑块级株丛(0～30 cm²)、中斑块级株丛(30～80 cm²)和大斑块级株丛(>80 cm²)3个株丛级,采用点格局分析的g函数统计方法,分析了矮生嵩草各级株丛的空间格局及关联性。结果表明：矮生嵩草种群中小斑块级株丛占比高于中斑块、大斑块级株丛占比,种群中幼苗充足,正处于稳定的增长阶段;矮生嵩草小斑块、中斑块、大斑块级株丛在小尺度范围内表现为聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,所有株丛斑块的聚集程度减弱,逐渐趋向于随机分布;小斑块与中斑块、大斑块的矮生嵩草株丛在小尺度内表现为正关联。斑块聚集分布和相互共存是矮生嵩草的一种生存策略。     

放牧对新疆天山山地草甸土壤团聚体和土壤呼吸潜力的影响

放牧是新疆山地草甸重要的利用方式,探明放牧对草地土壤呼吸的影响机制,可为深入了解草地碳汇功能,合理的利用草地提供参考依据。本研究在天山北坡中段山地草甸开展,以长期放牧和围封草地(CK)的土壤为研究对象,采用干筛法将土壤筛分为＜0.25 mm,0.25~1 mm,1~2 mm,2~4 mm粒径的土壤团聚体,并测定了各粒径团聚体的比例、土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、土壤β-木糖苷酶、土壤N-乙酰-β-D葡萄糖苷酶活性及其21天的CO₂释放量。研究结果表明：放牧显著增加了＜0.25 mm粒径的团聚体比例,降低了＜0.25 mm,1~2 mm土壤团聚体的CO₂释放量;＜0.25 mm粒径土壤团聚体CO₂释放量均显著高于其他粒径;三种土壤酶活性在＜0.25 mm,1~2 mm粒径的土壤团聚体中与土壤呼吸表现出显著的正相关。综合分析表明,在天山北坡中段山地草甸,放牧会抑制＜0.25 mm,1~2 mm团聚体酶活性,降低土壤呼吸,使得草地整体代谢速率降低。     

高寒草甸植物根际溶磷菌的筛选鉴定及其溶磷与促生效果

为获得高寒草甸根际土中优良溶磷菌资源,本研究从青海省高寒草甸根际土中筛选了4株溶磷菌,结合16S rRNA基因分析法确定其分类地位,并通过钼锑抗比色法和盆栽试验进行了溶磷与促生效果的研究。结果显示：4株溶磷菌均为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),均可形成明显的溶磷圈。在无机磷液体培养基中培养7d后,4株菌株的磷增量在156.17~511.33μg·mL^-1之间;溶磷过程中4株菌均分泌多种有机酸,总有机酸量在522.36~986.69mg·L^-1之间;盆栽试验表明4株菌均能显著增加披碱草(Elymus dahuricus Turcz.)株高和地上部干重;菌株MXSC5,MXSC6和MQC13可使植株全氮、全磷含量增加,且4株菌株对土壤速效氮、速效磷含量也有正向影响。本研究结果将有助于进一步探究溶磷菌对植物的促生作用及微生物菌肥的开发利用。     

青藏高原高寒草甸草地NPK施肥组合研究

采用三因子二次正交旋转组合回归设计,以N、P和K3种肥料为因子,在青海省玉树州高寒草地进行施肥试验。结果表明,缺乏N和P的高寒退化草地,不缺K,3个施肥因素对牧草产量的影响顺序为NPK,草地牧草产量(Y,kg/hm2)可用其与N(kg/hm2)和P(kg/hm2)间的二元二次方程Y鲜重=11 027+742 N+728 P-2 540 N2-624 P2-1 055 NP和Y干重=3 706+243 N+232 P-716 N2-201 P2-306 NP很好地估测;牧草产量较优施肥组合为251.80 kg N/hm2+131.82 kg P/hm2和269.69 kg N/hm2+119.36 kg P/hm2。     

Effect of magnitude and direction of force on laryngeal abduction: Implications for the nerve‐muscle pedicle graft technique

Reasons for performing study: The nerve‐muscle pedicle graft technique is a treatment for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN), but the optimal placement of the pedicles within the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) muscle is unknown. Hypothesis: The magnitude and direction of force placed on the muscular process of the left arytenoid cartilage affects the magnitude of laryngeal abduction. Methods: Five larynges were harvested from cadavers. Using increments of 0.98 N, a dead‐weight force generator applied a force of 0–14.7 N for 1 min each to the left muscular process at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70° angles. The rima glottis was photographed digitally 1 min after each force had been applied. Distances between biomarkers (Lines 1–4) and right to left angle quotient (RLQ) were used to assess the degree of left arytenoid abduction. Results: Increasing force from 0–14.7 N progressively and significantly increased the length of all lines and RLQ, indicating abduction. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between force and angles. Applying forces of 7.84 N or greater (Lines 2–4 and RLQ) or 11.76 N or greater (Line 1) at angles 0, 10, 20 and 30° resulted in significantly greater abduction than applying the same forces at 40, 50, 60 and 70°. Angles of 0–30° correspond with the direction of pull exerted by the lateral compartment of the CAD muscle. Conclusion: In RLN, nerve‐muscle pedicle grafts should be placed preferentially in the lateral rather than in the medial compartment of the CAD muscle. Potential relevance: The information presented can be used to assist surgeons in the planning and application of the nerve‐muscle pedicle graft procedure.     

牦牛粪便对高寒草甸群落多样性及生产力的影响

研究了4个不同施牦牛粪便的处理对高寒草句植物群落多样性和生产力的短期影响。结果表明,（1）处理S1,S2和s3的植物群落盖度显著高于对照（SO）（P〈0．05）,各处理的植物群落高度与对照（SO）相比都呈上升趋势,且S3与S0差异显著（P〈0．05）;（2）处理S1、S2和S3的Pielou均匀度指数与sO相比逐渐下降,且S2与sO有显著差异（P〈0．05）。处理S1、s2和S3的Shannon—Wiener物种多样性指数与S0相比逐渐下降,且S2与S0差异极显著（P〈0．01）。而Simpson物种多样性指数的变化则表现为无规律性。（3）施牦牛粪便后植物群落的地上总生物量出现增加趋势,且S2,S3与s0间达到差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

不同施氮量对天然草场牧草产量影响

采用不同施氮量作用于天然草场，研究了草地施肥与牧草产量的关系，通过测定施肥试验的各项参数，确定了干草原类草场产草量和经济效益最佳的施肥方案，最佳施肥量为450kg/hm^2，同时建立了施肥量与牧草产量间的回归方程。     

牛胚胎移植研究进展

人工授精技术可极大地提高公畜的利用效率，而胚胎移植技术则是充分挖掘优良母畜的繁殖潜力的有效途径。该技术的应用可从很大程度上提高母畜的繁殖率，从而在短时间内迅速扩大优良种群，加速畜群改良和纯种繁育进程，也是迅速提高我国牛群整体水平的重要而有效的手段，本文就牛胚胎移植的研究现状、关键技术以及影响胚胎移植的因素作以探讨。