氮、磷添加对青藏高寒草甸土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征影响的Meta分析

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸土壤碳(Carbon,C)、氮(Nitrogen,N)、磷(Phosphorus,P)化学计量特征对氮、磷添加的响应,提高养分管理水平及草地生态系统的养分平衡。本研究严格筛选出21篇文章(612项数据)进行Meta分析,通过亚组分析分析了不同施肥方式(氮添加、磷添加、氮磷添加)、不同施肥强度(轻度、中度、重度)对青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明：养分添加显著增加了青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P含量;氮添加对土壤的增加效应随施肥强度增加而增加,磷轻度施肥(20g·m^-2以下)处理、氮磷添加轻度施肥处理下的土壤C,N,P含量及化学计量比增加效果最好。本研究结果总体反映出氮、磷添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤产生积极影响,研究结果可为青藏高原草地生态系统的保护提供科学依据。     

Effects of different five-day progesterone-based synchronization protocols on the estrous response and follicular/luteal dynamics in dairy cows

This study compared the responses shown by lactating dairy cows to four different P4-based protocols for AI at estrus. Cows with no estrous signs 96 h after progesterone intravaginal device (PRID) removal were subjected to fixed-time AI (FTAI), and their data were also included in the study. In Experiment I, follicular/luteal and endometrial dynamics were assessed every 12 h from the beginning of treatment until AI. The estrous response was examined in Experiment II, and fertility was assessed in both experiments. The protocols consisted of a PRID fitted for five days, along with the administration of different combinations of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), equine chorionic gonadotropin and a single or double dose (24 h apart) of prostaglandin F_2α. In Experiment I (40 cows), animals receiving GnRH at the start of treatment showed a significantly higher ovulation rate during the PRID insertion period while estrus was delayed. In Experiment II (351 cows), according to the odds ratios, cows showing luteal activity at the time of treatment were less likely to show estrus than cows with no signs of luteal activity. Treatment affected the estrous response and the interval from PRID removal to estrus but did not affect conception rates 28–34 days post AI. Primiparous cows displayed a better estrous response than multiparous cows. Our findings reveal acceptable results of 5-day P4-based protocols for AI at estrus in high-producing dairy cows. Time from treatment to estrus emerged as a good guide for FTAI after a 5-day P4-based synchronization protocol.     

Relationship of Progesterone,Bovine Pregnancy-Associated Glycoprotein-1 and Nitric Oxide with Late Embryonic and Early Fetal Mortalities in Dairy Cows

The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of progesterone (P4), bovine pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-1 (bPAG-1) and nitric oxide (NO) levels with late embryonic (LEM; day 28 to day 42) and early fetal mortalities (EFM; > day 42 to day 56) in dairy cows. Transrectal ultrasonography (6–8 MHz) was performed in 100 Holstein-Friesian cows at days 28, 42 and 56 after artificial insemination (AI; day 0) to diagnose pregnancy and to monitor the fate of the embryo. After ultrasound scanning of each cow, a milk sample was collected for assessment of P4 by an ELISA test and a blood sample was collected for assessment of bPAG-1, by using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay, and serum NO metabolites (nitrate + nitrite). Based on ultrasonographic examinations and bPAG-1-RIA, 41 of 100 inseminated cows were confirmed pregnant at day 28 after AI. Nine cows suffered of LEM, and 6 cows suffered of EFM and the overall pregnancy loss rate was 36.6% (15/41) between days 28 and 56 of pregnancy. By logistic regression analysis, there were no significant relationships between the level of P4 and bPAG-1 at day 28 after AI and the occurrence of LEM and EFM. Also, there were no significant relationships between the levels of P4 and bPAG-1 at day 42 and the occurrence of EFM. On the other hand, a significant relationship (P<0.05) was found between NO level at day 28 and the occurrence of LEM. In conclusion, measurement of the serum NO concentration at day 28 of pregnancy might help to predict the outcome of pregnancy by day 42 in dairy cows but further studies are needed to confirm this.     

Helminth parasites of freshwater fishes from Cuatro Ciénegas,Coahuila, in the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico: inventory and biogeographical implications

As part of an ongoing inventory of the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes in Mexico, 570 individual fish were collected between Apr 2008 and Oct 2011 in 26 localities along the Cuatro Ciénegas region in Coahuila State, northern Mexico. Seventeen species of hosts, mostly corresponding to Nearctic freshwater elements, were studied. A total of 8324 individual worms were collected during this survey, representing 25 species of helminths, of which 9 were digeneans, 3 monogeneans, 3 acanthocephalans, 9 nematodes and 1 cestode. Most of the records in this checklist represent new host or locality records. The information provided in this checklist may be helpful for our understanding of the biodiversity and historical biogeography of this host–parasite system, because in the Cuatro Ciénegas region occur a Nearctic freshwater fish fauna, along with Neotropical and endemic elements, and from a biogeographical point of view, this may represent a transitional area.     

An experimental study of the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon fry, Salmo salar L., to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia

Abstract. Infection trials using two serotypes of VHS viruses (type 1 and 23/75) demonstrated that Atlantic salmon fry were susceptible to the disease when injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 10³ pfu of virus/fish but resistant to infection by a bath method when exposed for 3 h in water containing 5 × 10⁴ pfu of virus/ml. In the i.p.-infected fish, mortality reached 78 and 67% within 13 days with VHSV₁ nad 23/75 serotypes, respectively. High virus yields were recovered from infected fish and virus shedding was demonstrated by the onset of VHS in rainbow trout kept in the outflow water from the aquaria containing infected salmon. Neither mortality nor virus shedding occurred in salmon infected by the water route but virus multiplication was demonstrated in 2 of 60 fish with VHSV₁ and 3 of 60 fish with virus 23/75. On day 79 post-infection the sera from surviving salmon of both i.p. and bath infection trials exhibited good neutralizing titres (around 1000) against the homologous viruses.     

Effect of dietary protein content on growth performance, feed utilization and carcass composition in the Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax albidus Clark and Cherax destructor Clark (Decapoda, Parastacidae)

Cherax albidus (A) and Cherax destructor (D) male juveniles (mean weight 0.95 ± 0.03 g) were reared for 20 weeks on isoenergetic diets containing 150 g kg^?1 protein (A 15, D15) or 300 g kg^?1 protein (A30, D30). Mean weight, percentage weight gain, and specific growth rate (%) were substantially higher for both species on the 300 g kg^?1 protein diet. Mean percentage weight gain ranged from 2.39% day^?1 (D15) to 17.59% day^?1 (A30). A maximum weight of 33.81 g was attained by C. albidus on the higher protein diet. The most effective utilization of food was observed in C. albidus when fed the higher protein diet (food conversion ratio, 0.79; protein efficiency ratio, 4.21; apparent net protein utilization, 44.64%). Carcass composition was influenced by feed type. The higher protein diet resulted in an increase in carcass protein and ash and a decrease in carcass lipid and energy relative to the low-protein diet (150 g kg^?1 protein diet –C. albidus: 37.15% protein, 15.00% lipid, 25.20% ash, 15.55kJ g^?1 energy; C. destructor: 38.10% protein, 15.43% lipid, 25.70% ash, 15.65kJ g^?1 energy; 300 g kg^?1 protein diet –C. albidus: 46.10% protein, 8.71% lipid, 27.36% ash, 14.94kJ g^?1 energy; C. destructor: 42.99% protein, 8.56% lipid, 26.44% ash, 14.71kJ g^?1 energy). Carcass moisture and calcium were not affected by feed type. The time spent in the intermoult phase of growth was highly dependent on the premoult weight and varied according to diet and to species. A comparison of animals of similar weight (< 8 g) revealed that elevated dietary protein caused a reduction in the intermoult period by 11 days in C. albidus and 7 days in C. destructor. The moult increment, however, was independent of animal weight, and the highest percentage weight increment occurred for C. albidus fed the 300 g kg^?1 protein diet (per cent weight increase; A15, 33.1%; A30, 61.3%; D15, 31.2%; D30, 56.5%). Dietary induced morphological changes were also recorded. Animals of a standard carapace length had significantly larger abdomens (both species) and larger claws (C. albidus) when fed the higher protein diet.     

Status of the introduced cichlid Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) in the reservoir fishery of Sri Lanka: a management strategy and ecological implications

Abstract. The inland fishery in Sri Lanka (6–10°N; 79–82°E) is essentially a fishery confined to man-made lakes and is dominated by the introduced cichlid Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters). Catch statistics of 20 such major reservoirs indicate that the yield of this species ranges from 64·0 to 918 kg per ha and accounts for between 56 and 99% of the total yield in individual reservoirs. The yield of S. mossambicus is closely related to the fishing pressure exerted. Catch/effort data from the individual reservoir fisheries when analysed collectively simulate changes in a single large fishery. In the fishery the relationship of yield to effort is described by the equation: Y = 4·OX – 53·8X ( r = 0·92; P < 0·001), where Y = yield in kg per ha per annum and X = number of craft-days per ha per annum, indicating that the reservoirs in Sri Lanka remain underfished. However, very high increases in fishing pressure in two reservoirs, for which data are available over a 5-year period, indicate that the increases have resulted in a significant decline in the catch per unit effort. The reasons for the success of the S. mossambicus fishery in individual reservoirs, and also simulation of features of a single large fishery in reservoirs, with widely different hydrological and limnological regimes, are discussed in qualitative terms. It is hypothesized that the abundance is determined by factors other than food availability. Fresh management strategies to optimize the fishery from the point of view of optimal fishing pressure permissible from the present analysis are suggested.