Use of in situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe for the detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 in aborted fetal tissue

Forty-five cases of bovine abortion were examined using in situ hybridization (ISH) with a biotinylated DNA probe specific for bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). Of the 45 cases, 16 were diagnosed as due to BHV-1, 15 were determined to be due to other causes, and 14 were of undetermined etiology. Direct comparisons between ISH and an immunoperoxidase (IP) test specific for BHV-1 were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of lung, liver, kidney, spleen, thymus, and placenta; fluorescent antibody tests for BHV-1 and virus isolation were performed on fresh lung and liver. In comparison to these routine BHV-1 detection techniques, ISH had an overall sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 89.3% in detecting BHV-1 in aborted fetuses. Immunoperoxidase was more sensitive than ISH with tissue sections from lung (87.5% vs. 69%), liver (92% vs. 17%), spleen, and placenta; results of the tests on tissue sections from kidney were concordant. Liver sections presented special problems in that nonspecific reactions were frequently observed with hybridization. With thymus sections, the rate of detection was higher by hybridization than by IP, but the specificity of some of these reactions could not be confirmed.     

Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli infection as a cause of diarrhea in young calves

A form of enteric Escherichia coli infection was identified in 60 calves from 59 farming operations. The E coli responsible for these infections principally colonized the colon, inducing a distinctive lesion described as attaching and effacing. Hemorrhagic enterocolitis or blood in the feces was observed on 40% of the farms. Of affected calves, 86.6% were dairy calves (average age, 11.8 days). Forty-four calves were infected concurrently with other enteropathogens (cryptosporidia, rotavirus, coronavirus, enterotoxigenic E coli, bovine viral diarrhea virus, coccidia). Verotoxin-producing E coli was recovered from 31 calves; 8 were serotype O111:NM isolates, 3 were serotype O5:NM, and 1 was serotype O26:NM.     

Blood gas stability and hematological changes in experimentally-induced acute porcine pleuropneumonia.

Blood gas and hematological responses to acute, mild Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection of growing pigs was studied. Six pigs (average weight 10.1 kg) were experimentally infected intranasally with A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5. Four pigs served as controls. Rectal temperatures and arterial blood for gas analysis and hematology were taken at 0, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h postinfection. All infected pigs became febrile showing clinical signs typical of mild to moderate porcine pleuropneumonia; controls remained asymptomatic. Neutrophilia with bands and lymphopenia were observed only in infected pigs. Arterial partial pressures of O2 and CO2, and pH did not change in infected pigs. All pigs were killed after 72 h, and lungs were examined and cultured. Gross and microscopic lesions consistent with porcine pleuropneumonia were seen in 3/6 and 5/6 infected lungs, respectively. Control lungs were grossly normal with no histological evidence of pleuropneumonia. We conclude that in mild, acute porcine pleuropneumonia as established experimentally, a leukogram typical of acute inflammation and stress is seen; however, hypoxemia and alveolar hypoventilation are not features of this form of the disease.     

The health significance of some infectious agents present in animal effluents

The development of the infected or diseased state in an animal following its exposure to grassland which has become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms following landspreading of infected slurry is dependent on the weight of infection acquired and the health status of the animal itself. The survival of pathogenic microorganisms in numbers sufficient to create a hazard for animals, and for workers engaged in the application of infected slurry onto land, is itself governed by such factors as the weight of the primary contamination and the physicochemical characteristics of the slurry. In order to minimise the extent to which slurry may give rise to animal infection through grassland production, it is proposed that a more rational approach to the methods used for applying slurry to land and the utilisation of treated land for grazing, be adopted, having regard for the health of the operator and of livestock in the surrounding area and for the protection of waterways.

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Kurzfassung Die Entwicklung von Infektionen oder Krankheiten bei einem Tier, das auf Weideland gehalten wurde, das nach Düngung mit infizierter Jauche durch pathogene Mikroorganismen kontaminiert war, ist vom Grad der erfolgten Infektion und dem Gesundheitszustand des Tieres selbst abhängig. Das Überleben pathogener Mikroorganismen in Mengen, die zur Gefährdung der Tiere und der Arbeiter, deren Aufgabe das Düngen mit der infizierten Jauche ist, ausreichen, wird sowohl von Faktoren wie dem Grad der Primärkontamination als auch den physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften der Jauche bestimmt. Um das Ausmass auf ein Minimum zu beschränken, in dem die Jauche über das Weideland zu Tierinfektionen führen kann, wird vorgeschlagen, bei den Verfahren für das Düngen mit Jauche und die Benutzung des gedüngten Bodens als Weideland rationaler vorzugehen, wobei die Gesundheit der Arbeiter und des Viehs in dem umgebenden Bereich sowie der Schutz der Wasserwege zu berücksichtigen wären.

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Resume Le développement d'une infection ou d'un état pathologique chez un animal à la suite de son exposition à des herbages contaminés par des microorganismes pathogènes provenant de l'épandage de boues infectées dépend du degré d'infection et de l'état de sante de l'animal lui'même. La survie des microorganismes pathogènes en nombre suffisant pour créer un risque pour les animaux et pour les traveilleurs occupés à l'épandage des boues infectées sur les prairies dépend à son tour de facteurs tels que le degré de primocontamination et les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des boues. En vue de réduire le risque de contamination des animaux par les herbages, les auteurs proposent d'adopter une approache plus rationnelle des méthodes d'épandage des boues sur les prairies et de l'utilisation des terres traitées pour le pâturage, afin de tenir compte de la santé des traveilleurs et du bétail se trouvant dans le voisinage et en vue de protéger les cours d'eau.

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Riassunto L'evoluzione di uno stato d'infesione o di malattia in un animale in conseguenza della sua esposizione ad erba contaminata da microorganismi dovuti all'aspersione della terra con fanghiglia organica infetta dipende dal carico di infesione contratto dallo stato sanitario generale dell'animale. La sopravvivenza di microorganismi patogeni in numero sufficiente a creare un pericolo per gli animali, come per gli addetti che trattano la terra con impasti infetti, dipende inoltre da fattori quali l'estensione della contaminazione primaria e le caratteristiche fisicochimiche degli impasti stessi. Per ridurre al minimo i rischi di infezione presenti negli impasti che sono utilizzati per la produzione di terreni erbosi, gli autori propongono l'adozione di metodi maggiormente razionali per quanto riguarda l'applicazione di impasti alla terra e per l'utilizzazione della terra trattata nella preparazione dei pascoli, al fine di tutelare la salute dell'agricoltore e del bestiame nella zona circostante e di non contaminare i corsi d'acqua.

     

Colonic perforation in corticosteroid-treated dogs

Clinical findings for 5 new cases of colonic perforation in corticosteroid-treated dogs were presented and 8 other cases from the literature were reviewed. Colonic perforation was a fatal complication in all 13 dogs, 12 of which had had recent major surgery. Ten dogs were neurosurgical patients, 1 dog received medical therapy for head trauma and nonambulatory paresis, and 2 dogs were operated on for non-neurologic conditions. Dexamethasone was the most frequently used corticosteroid, and 12 dogs received a mean cumulative dose of 6.4 mg/kg over an average period of 5.1 days. Depression, anorexia, and emesis, the most frequent signs attending colonic perforation, became evident 3 to 8 days after surgery. Signs preceded death by an average of 22.3 hours. Correct antemortem diagnosis (5 dogs) and surgical intervention (3 dogs) had no effect on eventual outcome (mortality = 100%). Colonic perforation most frequently developed in the proximal descending portion and always involved the antimesenteric border. Gross fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity and acute generalized peritonitis were evident in all but one dog. Adhesions were observed at the lesion site in 6 dogs, but prevented gross soilage in only one dog.     

Energy conservation by ventilating a greenhouse with deep-mine air

Use of deep-mine air to heat or cool a greenhouse has the potential to reduce significantly the energy required for environmental control. The environment is also potentially well suited for growth of many greenhouse crops. Temperatures within the greenhouse were generally maintained at 10–13°C during the night and 16–24°C during the day when solar energy was available. The relative humidity remained at 100% day and night during cloudy weather and fell as low as 40–50% on days of high solar intensity. In addition, the carbon dioxide concentration was near 2400 mg 1^?1 throughout the year.Flowering bedding-plants and vegetable transplants of high quality were produced during the spring season. High - quality lettuce was produced throughout most of the year. The production time of all crops was equal to that of crops grown commercially in the area.     

Reversal by testosterone of atrophy of accessory genital glands of castrated male sheep. A histologic and morphometric study

The histologic features of male accessory genital glands of entire sheep (group I), castrated sheep (group II), castrated sheep treated with 40 daily intramuscular injections of 50 milligrams testosterone propionate (group III), and castrated sheep treated with 600 milligrams testosterone propionate 72 hours before death (group IV) were compared. Sheep were castrated at 3 months old and all sheep were killed when 15 months old. Volume fractions of glandular tissue, intralobular fibromuscular tissue and perilobular fibromuscular tissue of the seminal vesicles and Cowper's glands fluctuated significantly (P less than 0.05) during postcastration atrophy and after repeated testosterone treatment. Atrophy in sheep in group II was least in the prostate but greatest in Cowper's glands, seminal vesicles and ampullae of vasa deferentia. Seminal vesicle plexi, whose cytons had a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) degree of shrinkage, also were atrophied. After treatment with testosterone the postcastration atrophy of plexal neurons was almost reversed in sheep in group III. There also was hypertrophy of epithelial cells but the testosterone treatment failed to reduce to normal the fibromuscular volume fraction of the accessory genital glands. Testosterone propionate treatment of sheep in group IV failed to elicit appreciable morphologic changes. These results are compared with our previous findings on the content and uptake of zinc by the accessory genital glands. It is suggested that accumulation of zinc in the accessory genital glands of sheep is not necessarily closely linked to normal histologic appearance.