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121.
122.
Jaco Bakker Sandra Roubos Edmond J. Remarque Saskia S. Arndt Peter W. Kronen Jan AM. Langermans 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(3):309-319
Objective
To investigate the clinical and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) alfaxalone alone or in combination with buprenorphine, butorphanol or tramadol premedication in marmosets.Study design
Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover design.Animals
Nine healthy marmosets (391 ± 48 g, 3.7 ± 2.2 years old).Methods
Meloxicam 0.20 mg kg?1 subcutaneously, atropine 0.05 mg kg?1 intramuscularly (IM) and either buprenorphine 20 μg kg?1 IM (BUP-A), butorphanol 0.2 mg kg?1 IM (BUT-A), tramadol 1.5 mg kg?1 IM (TRA-A) or no additional drug (control) were administered to all marmosets as premedication. After 1 hour, anaesthesia was induced with 16 mg kg?1 alfaxalone IV. All animals received all protocols. The order of protocol allocation was randomized with a minimum 28 day wash-out period. During anaesthesia, respiratory and pulse rates, rectal temperature, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, palpebral and pedal withdrawal reflexes and degree of muscle relaxation were assessed and recorded every 5 minutes. Quality of induction and recovery were assessed. Duration of induction, immobilization and recovery were recorded. Blood samples were analysed for aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations. The protocols were compared using paired t tests, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test with Bonferroni's corrections and linear mixed effect models where appropriate.Results
Out of nine animals, apnoea was noted in eight animals administered protocol BUP-A and two animals administered protocol BUT-A. With TRA-A and control protocols, apnoea was not observed. No other significant differences in any of the parameters were found; however, low arterial blood pressures and hypoxia occurred in TRA-A.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Our study employing different premedications suggests that the previously published dose of 16 mg kg?1 alfaxalone is too high when used with premedication because we found a high incidence of complications including apnoea (BUP-A), hypotension and hypoxaemia (TRA-A). Appropriate monitoring and countermeasures are recommended. 相似文献123.
Buff PR Messer NT Cogswell AM Johnson PJ Keisler DH Ganjam VK 《Domestic animal endocrinology》2007,33(4):430-436
The objective of this study was to determine if seasonal and/or pulsatile variations occur in plasma concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH) and leptin in mares while maintaining a constant energy balance. Blood samples were collected every 20 min during a 24 h period in winter and again in summer from six Quarter Horse type mares. Plasma concentrations of TSH, leptin, and T4 were determined by radioimmunoassay. No differences were observed in body weight between winter (388.1 ± 12.5 kg) and summer (406.2 ± 12.5 kg; P = 0.11). Plasma concentrations of TSH were greater in the summer (2.80 ± 0.07 ng/ml) when compared to winter (0.97 ± 0.07 ng/ml; P < 0.001). Pulse frequency of TSH was not different between winter (6.17 ± 0.78 pulses/24 h) and summer (5.33 ± 0.78 pulses/24 h; P = 0.49). Mean TSH pulse amplitude, pulse area, and area under the curve were all greater in summer compared to winter (3.11 ± 0.10 ng/ml versus 1.20 ± 0.10 ng/ml, 24.86 ± 0.10 ng/ml min versus 13.46 ± 1.90 ng/ml min, 3936 ± 72.93 ng/ml versus 1284 ± 72.93 ng/ml, respectively; P < 0.01). Mean concentrations of leptin were greater in summer (2.48 ± 0.17 ng/ml) compared to winter (0.65 ± 0.17 ng/ml; P < 0.001). Pulsatile secretion patterns of leptin were not observed in any horses during experimentation. Mean concentrations of T4 were greater in winter (20.3 ± 0.4 ng/ml) compared to summer (18.2 ± 0.4 ng/ml; P < 0.001). These seasonal differences between winter and summer provide evidence of possible seasonal regulation of TSH and leptin. 相似文献
124.
AM Rao E Richter S Bandow B Chase PC Eklund KA Williams S Fang KR Subbaswamy M Menon A Thess RE Smalley G Dresselhaus MS Dresselhaus 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5297):187-191
Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that are found as close-packed arrays in crystalline ropes have been studied by using Raman scattering techniques with laser excitation wavelengths in the range from 514.5 to 1320 nanometers. Numerous Raman peaks were observed and identified with vibrational modes of armchair symmetry (n, n) SWNTs. The Raman spectra are in good agreement with lattice dynamics calculations based on C-C force constants used to fit the two-dimensional, experimental phonon dispersion of a single graphene sheet. Calculated intensities from a nonresonant, bond polarizability model optimized for sp2 carbon are also in qualitative agreement with the Raman data, although a resonant Raman scattering process is also taking place. This resonance results from the one-dimensional quantum confinement of the electrons in the nanotube. 相似文献