基于改进生态足迹模型的西北地区生态可持续性评价

西北地区的生态可持续状况对于稳定生态环境,改善人地关系具有重要的现实意义。传统生态足迹模型(EFM)中存在诸多不足和缺陷,文中对原有模型进行了改进并对西北地区2012年生态可持续性进行了计算和评价。结果表明:1)西北地区人均生态足迹为2.90hm2/人,人均生态承载力为2.18hm2/人,人均生态赤字为0.72hm2/人,整体的生态结构不合理,处于不可持续状态;2)西北地区各省区的生态足迹差异明显,除青海和新疆为生态盈余外,其它省区均为生态赤字,其中陕西最大,甘肃最小;3)西北地区生态适度人口为0.74×108人,实际人口与生态适度人口的比例是1:0.75,人口数量整体处于超载状态;生态利用效率为0.65万元/hm2。改进生态足迹模型能够较好地评价生态可持续现状,研究方法和结果对于区域生态可持续发展研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Musculoskeletal disease and injury, now and in the future. Part 2: Tendon and ligament injuries

Tendon and ligament injuries continue to be one of the most frequent causes of orthopaedic injury and early retirement in the Thoroughbred racehorse. In the UK, the Horserace Betting Levy Board has invested considerable research funding in the last decade in order to investigate aspects of tendon epidemiology, biology and therapy, in order to decrease both the welfare and economic consequence of such injuries. This review summarises key aspects of this research effort and identifies specific research directions for the future.     

Is evidence-based medicine so evident in veterinary research and practice? History,obstacles and perspectives

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) refers to the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence from research for the care of an individual patient. The concept of EBM was first described in human medicine in the early 1990s and was introduced to veterinary medicine 10 years later. However, it is not clear that the EBM approach promulgated in human medicine can be applied to the same extent to veterinary medicine. EBM has the potential to help veterinarians to make more informed decisions, but obstacles to the implementation of EBM include a lack of high quality patient-centred research, the need for basic understanding of clinical epidemiology by veterinarians, the absence of adequate searching techniques and accessibility to scientific data bases and the inadequacy of EBM tools that can be applied to the busy daily practise of veterinarians. This review describes the development of EBM in the veterinary profession, identifies its advantages and disadvantages and discusses whether and how veterinary surgeons should further adopt the EBM approach of human medicine.     

Exploring genetic variation,oil and α-tocopherol content in avocado (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Persea americana</Emphasis>) from northwestern Mexico

The Hass cultivar of avocado is the most widely grown commercial cultivar in Mexico. Unfortunately, this cultivar is poorly adapted to the Mexican low-lands with hot dry climates characteristic of northwestern Mexico. Other well-adapted avocado accessions are available for these regions, but their nutritional traits and genetic diversity have yet to be explored. In this study, we analyze oil content, (α-tocopherol) and genetic variation among five local varieties from northwest Mexico that grow in high temperatures regimes in unfertilized soils and without any agronomic management. We report significant phenotypic variability in oil and α-tocopherol components in different accessions of avocado as determined by HPLC. Interestingly, we find higher α-tocopherol content (45.02–50.66 μg/g of fresh pulp) in some local avocados compared to Hass (32.28 μg/g of fresh pulp). The analyzed accessions represent a moderately polymorphic set of genotypes as measured by microsatellite (10 alleles by locus) and SNP (1 SNP every 164.4 bp) analysis of the VTE3 and VTE4 genes, implied in the biosynthesis of tocopherols. SNP data allowed also identifying differences between the local varieties and controls (Hass and the Mexican race accession). The variation observed at the genetic, morphologic and nutritional levels provide significant new information that may be valuable in selecting and developing avocado genotypes adapted to high-temperature environments.     

葡萄枝屑栽培平菇的产量及营养成分效应研究

为解决平菇栽培原料供应价格飙升、供应紧张的现状,以平菇为试材,在平菇栽培培养料中按不同比例添加葡萄枝屑(0、30%、50%、70%),研究葡萄枝屑对平菇菌丝体生长、子实体产量及子实体营养成分的影响。先将葡萄枝屑、玉米芯、土霉素药渣等原料按不同比例浸泡混匀,装袋培养灰色平菇栽培种,采用柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法测定平菇子实体氨基酸含量,按照国家标准测定方法测定平菇中微量元素含量。结果表明:添加适宜比例葡萄枝屑栽培平菇,菌丝体长势强,生长速率高,菌丝洁白、粗壮、紧密;添加葡萄枝屑可显著提高平菇产量,其中以添加50%葡萄枝屑的平菇产量最高(324.0 g/袋),且加入葡萄枝屑3个处理的生物学效率为90.3%~99.7%;添加葡萄枝屑可提高平菇子实体中铁、锌、硼等微量元素的含量;4个基质配方栽培的平菇基本能满足人体对必需氨基酸的搭配需求,且添加葡萄枝屑栽培的平菇赖氨酸含量显著高于不添加葡萄枝屑的对照。因此,加入葡萄枝屑可提高平菇的产量及微量元素含量,满足人体对必需氨基酸的需求。     

Frequency of pancreatic amyloid deposition in cats from south-eastern Queensland

Summary Stereological procedures were used to estimate the amount of amyloid deposition in the pancreatic islets of 83 cats from random sources in south-eastern Queensland. Most had only minor deposits of less than 20% of islet volume (median 9%), but deposits equal to more than 50% of the islet volume were found in 10% of the cats. Amyloid deposition in pancreatic islets was correlated with the age of the cat. Although similar observations have been made previously in cats from the USA, the frequency of amyloid deposition was higher in this population of cats from south-eastern Queensland.     

Residues of the carbamate acaricide, 3-methyl-5-isopropylphenyl-N(n-butanoyl)-N-methylcarbamate (promacyl) and two metabolites in the tissues and milk of cattle

In order to assess some of the residue characteristics of the experimental carbamate acaricide, 3-methyl-5-isopropylphenyl-N-(n-butanoyl-)-N-methylcarbamate (promacyl) a 0.2 % aqueous emulsion was applied to cattle in a series of five trials and in a sixth, the technical product was added to the feed of stalled cattle. A method of analysis involving the formation of a derivative suitable for gas chromatographic analysis on electron capture detection mode was developed. Separate estimations of levels of the parent compound and the metabolites, 3-methyl-5-isopropylphenyl -N-methylcarbamate and 3-methyl-5- isopropylphenol, were carried out on fatty tissues and butterfat but for non-fatty tissues “total” levels, which were a combined estimate of 3-methyl-5-isopropylphenol itself and all substances hydrolysable to it, were estimated and quoted as Promacyl. The highest group average level of the parent compound was 0.9 part/million in fatty tissues 24 h after the last of 8 applications at 3 day intervals. In a single spray trial the maximum group average of 0.7 part/million in fatty tissues 24 h after treatment fell to 0.2 part/million after 5 days. Residues in butterfat, 7 h after a single dermal application showed a maximum level of 1.2 parts/million and this declined to 0.1 part/million on the seventh day after treatment. “Total” residues in non-fatty tissues were of the order of 1/10 those found in fatty tissues.