野生花卉胭脂花(Primula maximowiczii)组培体系的建立

以胭脂花(Primula maximowiczii)的种子为外植体,利用单因子和正交试验设计,通过对种子表面消毒、丛生芽诱导和增殖、生根、炼苗和移栽等技术环节的研究,筛选出各培养阶段的最佳培养基配方和培养条件,建立了胭脂花无菌培养体系.结果表明:种子表面消毒的最佳方法是以6％ NaClO消毒6 min;最佳丛生芽诱导增...     

促进贵州赤水竹浆林基地可持续发展的建议

针对黔北20万t/年竹浆林纸一体化工程项目对竹原料的巨大需求,结合当前赤水项目区、周边及赤天化纸业公司竹林基地建设情况,剖析了影响和制约竹林基地可持续健康发展的突出问题,提出了调整竹种结构,培育竹林资源,实现生物多样性,促进竹林基地丰产稳产和可持续健康发展的具体对策及措施。     

利用校园植物开展种子植物分类学教学的思考

校园植物的主体是种子植物,结合作者多年的教学思考和实践,就校园种子植物作为学生对分类性状的感性认知和专业技能训练载体的作用和地位,依托这一载体开展教学活动的条件、教学内容和途径、应该注意的有关事项等4个方面进行了概述。     

紫椴在不同城市生境中的生态功能比较

测定了哈尔滨市区3种不同类型绿地与野外紫椴的叶面积指数、固碳释氧、降温增湿、杀菌滞尘、吸收SO2及重金属量,并应用层次分析法对不同环境下紫椴的生态功能进行了比较。结果表明野外和公园绿地的紫椴生态功能指标比较接近,某些指标例如固碳、释氧明显高于防护绿地和附属绿地。公园绿地杀菌率明显高于其他环境,防护绿地对SO2的吸收最高。各种绿地单位面积的各指标值变化规律与单株指标值并不相同,甚至截然相反,这主要是由叶面积指数、冠幅等的较大差异造成。对生态功能的综合评价显示,单株生态功能野外最强,公园绿地稍差,防护绿地和附属绿地功能指数明显较小。单位叶面积生态功能几乎相反,防护绿地最强,附属绿地稍差,公园绿地和野外明显较小。这说明防护绿地和附属绿地的紫椴生态功能相对低主要由于叶面积较小造成,如果通过加强栽培管理等措施,提高生活力,增大叶面积,紫椴在此2种城市环境中的生态功能还有巨大的提高空间。     

Land use history and historical soil erosion at Albersdorf (northern Germany) — Ceased agricultural land use after the pre-historical period

The Holocene landscape history and historical soil erosion were reconstructed at Albersdorf (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) from soils and colluvial layers. In contrast to many landscapes in central Europe, agricultural land use and soil erosion were more frequent during pre-historical times, whereas it has almost ceased after the advent of history. Pre-historical soil erosion rates from about 0.1 to 6.9 t ha^− 1 a^− 1 were reconstructed with no significant differences between the prehistoric cultural phases. The study of buried soils within the soil/soil-sediment-sequences provided evidence for an acceleration of soil formation processes probably as a consequence of excessive prehistoric woodland pasture on poor sandy soils.     

Genetic structure of highland papayas (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vasconcellea pubescens</Emphasis> (Lenné et C. Koch) Badillo) cultivated along a geographic gradient in Chile as revealed by Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR)

In Chile Vasconcellea pubescens is cropped to produce canned fruit, juice, jam and processed sweets. Additionally this species produces latex with a high level of papain, an important and valuable proteolytic enzyme with industrial applications. In this investigation seven ISSR primers were used to study the level and organization of genetic diversity in 333 samples of V. pubescens. Out of the 114 bands recorded, 63 proved to be polymorphic (P = 55.3%). At the species level, the genetic diversity was rather low (h = 0.01 ± 6,80188E-05, Shannon’s Index I = 0.16 ± 0,000148). The major portion of the genetic diversity was found within groups (65%). The genetic differentiation between the different groups was significant, as the AMOVA analysis suggested (Φ_pt = 0.35). When analysing the Northern area alone, the differentiation increased to Φ_pt = 0.40. When only the Southern area was analysed, Φ_pt decreased to 0.18, indicating greater genetic similarity among the samples. The results generated from Structure and Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure distinguished 8 genetically different groups, five of them located in the north and three in the south. The results are discussed in the light of the growers’ practices.     

Spatial-temporal patterns in Mediterranean carnivore road casualties: Consequences for mitigation

Many carnivores have been seriously impacted by the expansion of transportation systems and networks; however we know little about carnivore response to the extent and magnitude of road mortality, or which age classes may be disproportionately impacted. Recent research has demonstrated that wildlife-vehicle-collisions (WVC) involving carnivores are modulated by temporal and spatial factors. Thus, we investigated road mortality on a guild of small and medium-sized carnivores in southern Portugal using road-kill data obtained from a systematic 36 months monitoring period along highways (260 km) and national roads (314 km) by addressing the following questions: (a) which species and age class are most vulnerable to WVC? (b) are there temporal and/or spatial patterns in road-kill? and (c) which life-history and/or spatial factors influence the likelihood of collisions? We recorded a total of 806 carnivore casualties, which represented an average of 47 ind./100 km/year. Red fox and stone marten had the highest mortality rates. Our findings highlight three key messages: (1) the majority of road-killed individuals were adults of common species; (2) all carnivores, except genets, were more vulnerable during specific life-history phenological periods: higher casualties were observed when red fox and stone marten were provisioning young, Eurasian badger casualties occurred more frequently during dispersal, and higher Egyptian mongoose mortality occurred during the breeding period; and (3) modeling demonstrated that favorable habitat, curves in the road, and low human disturbance were major contributors to the deadliest road segments. Red fox carcasses were more likely to be found on road sections with passages distant from urban areas. Conversely, stone marten mortalities were found more often on national roads with high of cork oak woodland cover; Egyptian mongoose and genet road-kills were found more often on road segments close to curves. Based on our results, two key mitigation measures should help to reduce WVC in Portugal. The first involves the improvement of existing crossings with buried and small mesh size fence to guide the individuals towards to the passages, in road segments with high traffic volume (>1200 vehicles/night) and located in preferred carnivore habitats. The second mitigation involves cutting or removal of dense vegetation in verges of road segments with curves to aid motorists in seeing animals about to cross.     

台风“凯萨娜”对海南南部设施农业的影响及相关思考

分析了2009年台风“凯萨娜”的特点和对海南南部设施农业的影响,并提出了海南南部设施农业防御台风的对策。     

哈尔滨城市人工林自然演替趋势

为了给经营管理城市人工林提供依据,采用分层数量调查与种群动态分析方法,研究了哈尔滨城市落叶松、白桦、水曲柳、胡桃揪、黄波罗和樟子松人工林群落的自然演替趋势,结果表明：落叶松林将演替为家榆、黄波罗和水曲柳占优势的硬阔叶混交林;白桦林将演替为水曲柳和黄波罗占优势的硬阔叶混交林;水曲柳林将演替为糖槭、水曲柳和黄波罗占优势的硬阔叶混交林;胡桃楸林将演替为水曲柳和胡桃楸占优势的硬阔叶混交林;黄波罗林将演替为家榆、水曲柳占优势的硬阔叶混交林;樟子松林将演替为水曲柳、蒙古栎、黄波罗占优势的硬阔叶混交林。     

小兴安岭沼泽甲烷通量日变化分析

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究了小兴安岭7种沼泽类型生长季初期、中期、末期甲烷(CH_4)通量的日变化规律,结果表明:小兴安岭沼泽甲烷通量无统一的日变化规律,且与温度和水位两个环境因子的相关性较弱.7个沼泽类型中,仅毛赤杨(Alnus sibirica)沼泽和白桦(Betula platyphylla)沼泽甲烷通量峰值在生长季初期、中期、末期出现的时间大致相同,且都为单峰曲线;苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽、灌丛沼泽和落叶松(Larix gmelinii)-泥炭藓(Sphagnum spp.)沼泽甲烷通量的峰值在不同时期出现的时间不同,多数为单峰曲线;落叶松-苔草沼泽和落叶松-藓类沼泽甲烷通量速率较小,多数时间吸收甲烷,没有明显的日变化规律.不同类型沼泽和生长期之间甲烷通量没有统一的日变化规律,说明在进行区域甲烷排放总量的估测时,增加每天的观测频率,或者长期、大量的观测数据可能会对提高估测精度有很大帮助.