碳酸盐及其组分测定方法在行业特定体系中的研究进展

准确测定、预测工业生产、生命科学以及环境监测等行业特定体系中的碳酸盐及其组分在开发有价资源、阻垢防垢延长生产周期、表征动/植物生理特征以及探究自然界碳循环等方面均具有十分重要的意义。现有碳酸盐及其组分常规测定方法主要针对有条件限制的一般碳酸盐体系,由于未考虑不同行业特定体系的差异,往往会导致常规测定方法精度较低,难以达到不同行业应用要求。为了分析碳酸盐及其组分测定方法在行业特定体系中的发展潜力,该研究综述现有公开发表的论文,引入 NO₃^- 改进的阿廖金分类法,对行业特定体系类别进行界定;依据碳酸盐存在形式与碱度、 pH 值变化关系测定游离碳酸、 CO₃^2- 和 HCO₃^- 的原理,分行业梳理了特定体系中碳酸盐及其组分测定方法、适用范围及其与行业特定体系类别之间的关系并展望了发展方向。结果表明：当前不同行业特定体系的碳酸盐及其组分测定方法可划分为四大模式,包括：系统自动化并实现现场检测模式、化学滴定与仪器分析联用模式、新型离子选择电极研发模式以及引入新方法模式,不同行业特定体系可依据后续应用需求选择适合的模式。未来仍需开展如下工作：1）加快实现行业特定体系中碳酸盐及其组分测定方法的标准化;2）补充完善各类行业特定体系中总碱度的表达式,弥补测定方法在各类行业发展中的不均衡;3）优化并创新化学滴定与仪器分析联用模式,结合自动化趋势,形成准确测定并拓宽方法适用范围的关键技术,实现各类行业特定体系间的联动;4）进一步探求新方法在准确测定的应用。研究可为开发新的行业特定体系中碳酸盐及其组分准确测定方法技术提供参考。     

三峡库区生态空间脆弱性时空演变特征

探讨生态空间脆弱性时空分异特征,有助于客观识别区域生态环境的敏感程度和自我恢复能力,并为国土空间规划提供依据。基于VSD模型构建三峡库区生态空间脆弱性分析框架,从空间暴露度、空间敏感性和空间适应力分析2005—2018年三峡库区生态空间脆弱性的时空分异特征及规律。结果表明：(1)三峡库区生态空间脆弱性的3个维度均具有显著的空间分布特征和时间演变规律。生态空间暴露度呈现以重庆的主城区(平均为0.355)和渝东北的万州区(0.416)为双核心向四周逐渐减弱的分布特征;由2005年的0.235 6持续增至2018年的0.269 1。生态空间敏感性呈现“东北高西南低”的分布特征,渝东北的巫溪县敏感性最强为0.691,渝西南的北碚区最低为0.296;由2005年的0.360 7持续增至2018年的0.437 4。生态空间适应力呈现“两端高,中间低”的分布特征,以重庆主城区(平均为0.634)和湖北夷陵区(0.613)为双核心向四周增强;由2005年的0.518 4减至2010年0.457 4后增至2018年的0.571。(2)三峡库区生态空间极度脆弱区主要分布在库区西南地区的重庆市主城区域(平均...     

Genetic variation and phylogenetic analyses of the ORF5 gene of acute porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates

Swine herds in the US have experienced recent outbreaks of a severe form of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (designated acute or atypical PRRS) characterized by abortion and high mortality in pregnant sows. Most of the affected herds had been vaccinated with modified live-vaccines (MLVs) against PRRS. To explore the possible mechanism of the emergence of acute PRRS, the open reading frame 5 (ORF5) gene encoding the major envelope protein (GP5) of acute PRRSV isolates was characterized. The complete ORF5 gene of eight acute PRRSV isolates from herds experiencing acute PRRS outbreaks in Iowa and North Carolina was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analyses revealed that these acute PRRSV isolates shared 88-95% nucleotide and 88-96% amino acid sequence identities to each other, 87-97% nucleotide and 84-96% amino acid sequence identities with other North American PRRSV isolates and the MLVs. Most of the amino acid substitutions locate in the putative signal sequence and two short hypervariable regions at the amino terminus. The ORF5 gene sequence of the acute PRRSV isolate 98-37120-2 from a non-vaccinated swine herd in Iowa is very closely related to that of the RespPRRS MLV, with 97% nucleotide and 96% amino acid sequence identities. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all eight acute PRRSV isolates are clustered within the North American genotype. Several minor branches that are not associated with geographic origins were also identified within the North American genotype. One acute PRRSV isolate (98-37120-2) is clustered with the RespPRRS MLV and several Danish isolates that were confirmed to be derived from the RespPRRS MLV. The ORF5 gene sequences of other seven acute isolates are more related to those of several earlier PRRSV isolates and the PrimePac MLV than to that of the RespPRRS MLV. Our results showed that the acute PRRSV isolates analyzed in this study differed from each other in ORF5 genes, although they all clustered within the North American genotype. The data from this study do not fully support the hypothesis that the emergence of acute PRRS is due to reversion of MLVs to a pathogenic phenotype, as only one of the eight acute isolates was shown to be very closely related to the RespPRRS MLV.     

不同生长年限苜蓿栽培草地CO2通量的初步研究

以种植第1年、第2年、第3年和第5年的紫花苜蓿阿尔冈金（Medicago sativa cv. Algonquin）为对象,通过研究其光合生理特性、土壤呼吸以及土壤有机碳的净通量等分析不同生长年限苜蓿草地碳通量的变化规律。结果表明,不同生长年限的苜蓿草地净光合速率呈单峰曲线,第1年和第5年在盛花期达到最大,分别为50和69 μmol/(m2·s),第2年和第3年在结荚期达到最大值,分别为60和72 μmol/(m2·s),与叶绿素a和b的含量不相关（P＞0.05）。苜蓿草地土壤呼吸的动态变化呈不规则单峰曲线变化,6月24日达到最小值,7月达到最大值,平均值为第5年＞第2年＞第3年＞第1年。土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度无明显的相关性（P＞0.05）;除第1年外,与土壤湿度显著相关（P＜0.05）,其中,第3年和第5年极显著相关（P＜0.01）。第1年、第2年、第3年和第5年的苜蓿土壤有机碳的净通量分别为3.71、-1.71、12.17和12.53 g/kg。     

河南省生猪屠宰违法行为治理成效分析

近年来,河南省以保障猪肉质量安全和群众身体健康为目标,通过采取充实屠宰监管力量,开展暗访巡查/飞行检查,强化技术手段、黑名单管理,启用畜禽屠宰监管平台等系列措施,严打屠宰领域违法行为,取得了明显成效。同时,也指出了当前存在企业主体责任落实不到位、监管存漏洞、法律法规不健全、行刑衔接不畅等问题。由此提出了推动主体责任落实、提升监督执法实效、健全完善法律法规、强化两法衔接、完善技术手段等对策思考。     

Production of hexaploid triticale by a synthetic hexaploid wheat-rye hybrid method

Grain weight is an important factor contributing to grain yield in wheat. Markers closely linked to grain weight could be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) to accelerate the wheat breeding process. In this paper, a second backcross recombinant inbred line (BC₂F₄) population, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, and one natural population were used to study the relationship between allelic variants of the grain weight gene TaGW2-6A and grain weight, width, and length with the goal of verifying the feasibility using the functional marker Hap-6A-P1/P2 in MAS. The differences in average grain weight, width, and length between haplotypes Hap-6A-G and Hap-6A-A were 8.09 g, 0.22 mm, and 0.38 mm, respectively, in the BC₂F₄ population; 4.01 g, 0.11 mm, and 0.10 mm in the RIL population; and 3.95 g, 0.10 mm, and 0.20 mm in the natural population. All the differences were significant. Sequencing results of the products of second round PCR indicated that a 167 bp TaqI restriction fragment had been generated from small-grain-size materials because of three TaqI restriction sites (TCGA). However, the large-grain-size variant generated a 218 bp fragment due to a single-nucleotide mutation (SNP) (TCGA → TCGG) at the third site. TaGW2-6A expression levels were negative with respect to grain width, length, and weight. For this reason, Hap-6A-G was considered a superior allele. These results contradict those of a previous study, which showed Hap-6A-A to be significantly associated with wider grain and higher grain weight.     

苏北地区农村居民生活用水排水方式及对周边水环境认知研究

为了解苏北地区农村水环境保护现状及农户环保认知水平,采用问卷调查的方法,探讨了苏北地区盱眙县和射阳县农户取用水特征、环境行为及其对当地水环境评价和政府政策管理认知.结果表明:盱眙县农村饮用水水源以湖库集中取水与农村分散自备井供水为主,射阳县以河流水与地下水集中取供水为主.自备井农户用水量明显高于以自来水为主要用水来源的农户.农户水环境行为缺乏理性,农户生活污水粗放式排放、习惯将垃圾倒入沟河或露天堆放,导致垃圾拥堵河道、水污染问题严重.人畜粪便处理以进化粪池和堆肥还田为主,秸秆处理以燃料燃烧和粉碎还田为主.农户整体参与环保意识不强,呈现“政府依赖型”环境意识.     

小麦单基因系TcLr19抗叶锈防卫反应的表达与叶锈菌侵染进程关系的初步研究

试验采用小麦单基因系TcLr19,感病对照Thacher(Tc)及叶锈菌小种366和165,利用组织化学方法,对接种后不同时间点叶锈菌在亲和和不亲和寄主上的发育情况进行观察,并对表现不同侵染型的TcLr19-叶锈菌组合中的2种防御酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(PO)的活性变化及发生过敏性死亡(HR)的细胞面积进行测定.结果表明,伴随着叶锈菌的侵染,TcLr19接种叶锈菌小种366(侵染型为0;)后PAL的活性分别在24,72 h出现高峰,PO活性在48 h达到最高峰,发生HR的细胞面积从接种后24 h逐渐增加直至96 h达到高峰;而接种叶锈菌小种165(侵染型为1)后2种酶活性变化及HR的变化和接种366具有相同趋势,但是前者的酶活性峰值低于后者,且发生HR的面积在96 h之前一直也小于后者.小麦对叶锈菌的抗性表达程度与防卫反应的表达强度呈正相关关系.     

氮肥用量对芸豆叶绿素含量和子粒营养品质影响的研究

以4个不同芸豆品种为材料,设5个氮肥处理,研究了不同施氮用量对芸豆功能叶片叶绿素含量和子粒营养品质的影响.结果表明,4个芸豆品种功能叶片叶绿素含量随着生育期的推进呈单峰曲线变化,在结荚期达到峰值;施纯氮30kg/hm2可以有效地提高叶绿素含量.品芸2号和龙芸4号子粒蛋白质含量随着结荚后天数增加呈双峰曲线变化,峰值分别出现在结荚后21d和35d;英国红和龙芸6号子粒蛋白含量呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在结荚后28d;在结荚过程中品芸2号、龙芸6号和龙芸4号的N30处理子粒蛋白质含量最高,而英国红则在N45处理时最高.从芸豆子粒营养品质方面来说,N30处理对于蛋白质、直连淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉和粗脂肪的影响效果较好.     

杨树伐桩嫁接与植苗林的生长及碳储量的比较

The leaf nutrient, biomass and carbon reserve of 9-year-old Populus×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ stump grafting stand with 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’as rootstock, 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and 9-year-old P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ planting stands were compared. The result showed that the average increment and the annual average increment of stump grafting stand were greater than the two planting stands. The total nitrogen content in leaves of stump grafting stand was the highest, and it was 1.26 times and 1.05 times as much as that of the planting stands of Populus×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ separately. The total phosphorus content of stump grafting stand was 1.3 times as much as that of planting stand of 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’, but there was little difference between stump graftin stand and planting stand of 9-year-old P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’. The total potassium of stump grafting stand was 46.6% and 95.8% lesser than that of the planting stands of P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’. The biomass of aerial parts and the biomasses of trunk, branches and leaves of stump grafting stand were 1.84, 1.80, 1.76, and 3.00 times as much as that of planting stand of P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ separately. The total root biomass of the stump grafting stand was 1.42 times and 7.68 times as much as that of planting stands of 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and 9-year-old P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’. There was an obvious advantage in carbon reserve from all the parts of the stump grafting stand and the carbon sequestration capacity was the highest, which was 2.66 times and 1.62 times as much as that of planting stands of 26-year-old P.×xiaozhuanica W.Y.Hsu et Liang cv.‘Popularis’ and 9-year-old P.×euramericana cv. ‘74/76’. These showed that the stump grafting stand had more advantages than planting stands.