Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of orbifloxacin in Korean Hanwoo cattle

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of orbifloxacin were studied in six clinically healthy Hanwoo cows after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Orbifloxacin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Steady-state volume of distribution and clearance of orbifloxacin after i.v. administration were 0.92 L/kg and 0.24 L/h·kg, respectively. Following i.m. administration, a slow and complete absorption with absolute bioavailability of 101.4%, and a maximum concentration ( C _max) of 1.17 μg/mL at 1.04 h were observed. The in vitro serum protein binding was 14.76%. The in vitro antibacterial activity of orbifloxacin against a pathogenic strain of Mannheimia haemolytica ( M. haemolytica ), Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) was determined . The ex vivo activity of orbifloxacin against M. haemolytica strain was also determined , and these data were integrated with the ex vivo bacterial counts to establish AUC _24h/ MIC values producing bacteriostatic action, bactericidal action and elimination of bacteria. Mean values were 32.7, 51.6 and 102.6 h, respectively. From these data, we predict that orbifloxacin, when administered i.m. at a dosage of 2.5–5 mg/kg once a day, would be effective against bovine pathogens, such as M. haemolytica. Additional studies may be needed to confirm its efficacy in a clinical setting, and to evaluate the penetration of the drug in diseased tissues.     

A pathological study of the salivary glands of rabid dogs in the Philippines

Rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus. While the salivary glands are important as exit and propagation sites for the rabies virus, the mechanisms of rabies excretion remain unclear. Here, we investigated the histopathology of the salivary glands of rabid dogs and analyzed the mechanism of excretion into the oral cavity. Mandibular and parotid glands of 22 rabid dogs and three control dogs were used. Mild to moderate non-suppurative sialadenitis was observed in the mandibular glands of 19 of the 22 dogs, characterized by loss of acinar epithelium and infiltration by lymphoplasmacytic cells. Viral antigens were detected in the mucous acinar epithelium, ganglion neurons and myoepithelium. Acinar epithelium and lymphocytes were positive for anti-caspase-3 antibodies and TUNEL staining. In contrast, no notable findings were observed in the ductal epithelial cells and serous demilune. In the parotid gland, the acinar cells, myoepithelium and ductal epithelium all tested negative. These findings confirmed the path through which the rabies virus descends along the facial nerve after proliferation in the brain to reach the ganglion neurons of the mandibular gland, subsequently traveling to the acinar epithelium via the salivary gland myoepithelium. Furthermore, the observation that nerve endings passing through the myoepithelium were absent from the ductal system suggested that viral proliferation and cytotoxicity could not occur there, ensuring that secretions containing the virus are efficiently excreted into the oral cavity.     

韩国牡蛎生产与贸易研究

牡蛎养殖在韩国海水养殖业中占有重要地位,韩国是世界上仅次于中国的第二大牡蛎生产国。由于苗种供应不稳定、养殖密度增加造成的环境污染等问题,韩国牡蛎产量近年来呈下降趋势。韩国与中国互为近邻,其牡蛎产业发展面临的问题和采取的对策,对中国牡蛎产业的健康发展具有一定借鉴意义。文章通过分析韩国牡蛎苗种采集、养殖过程与管理制度、流通渠道、价格与养殖生产经营情况、进出口贸易以及存在的问题和政府采取的对策等,为中国牡蛎养殖业的健康发展和管理提供参考。     

Surveillance of classical swine fever in wild boar in South Korea from 2010–2014

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious systemic hemorrhagic viral disease ofpigs. Wild boar plays a crucial role in the epidemiology of CSF. Between 2010 and 2014,samples were collected nationwide from 6,654 wild boars hunted in South Korea. Anti-CSFantibodies were identified in 0.59% (39 of 6,654) of the wild boar samples using a virusneutralization test and were primarily detected in wild boars living close to thedemilitarized zone and the area of the Taebaek Mountains surroundings. The CSF virus(subgroup 2.1b) was isolated from two wild boars captured in a nearby border area. Thecriteria used to define high-risk areas for targeted CSF surveillance in South Koreashould be further expanded to include other regions nationwide.     

Effect of Ethylene Treatment on Kiwifruit Bioactivity

The consumption of fruits and vegetables with high antioxidant activities leads to best healthful results. Therefore, in the present investigation we tried to find the peak of the kiwifruits antioxidant activity during the first 10 days of ethylene treatment (100 ppm at 20 °C).In order to receive the most reliable data five different antioxidant assays were used: ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP); cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC); trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC); 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH); and Folin-Ciocalteau. It was found by all applied methods that kiwifruit samples have the highest contents of polyphenols and flavonoids and the highest antioxidant activity on the 6-th day of the ethylene treatment. The correlation coefficients between polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activities of kiwifruit methanol extracts with TEAC and CUPRAC, were as followed: 0.81 and 0.63, and 0.23 and 0.17, respectively, and showed that the free polyphenols correlation coefficients were higher than that of the flavonoids.In conclusion: during ethylene treatment the bioactivity of kiwifruit is increasing and reaches its maximum at the 6th day and therefore it is the optimum time for kiwifruit consumption; total polyphenols were the main contributor to the overall antioxidant activity of kiwifruit; the most sensitive test for antioxidant activities determination is FRAP.     

肉鸡饲料中反丁烯二酸替代抗生素的研究进展

肉鸡生产中通过抗生素来促进生长和提高饲料效率会存在一定程度的安全隐患,所以欧盟已通过立法禁止这类抗生素的使用。在美国,越来越多的消费者希望生产者能提供不饲喂抗生素的家禽产品。尽管已经找到了很多可以部分或全部发挥抗生素功能的替代品,但是,还没有一种能够在养殖生产中得到广泛应用。