园艺作物香气成分及合成调控机理的研究进展

园艺作物的香气由其细胞中的挥发性有机物（Volatile organic compounds,VOCs）产生,主要由酯类、醇类、醛类、酮类、醚类、萜类、烷烃等物质组成,是其重要品质指标。园艺作物主要分为果树、蔬菜、花卉、茶 4 大类。不同类型园艺作物的 VOCs 种类各不相同,是造成园艺产品风味多样性的重要因素。影响园艺作物VOCs 的因素主要有基因表达、栽培条件、采后处理等。不同的基因的表达是不同园艺作物之间 VOCs 差异的重要原因;光照强弱、栽培环境、肥料施用以及嫁接砧木的品种等栽培条件直接或间接影响园艺作物 VOCs 的合成;采后处理中储藏温度和乙烯含量是影响园艺作物 VOCs 的重要因素。植物中 VOCs 合成途径主要有脂肪酸途径、氨基酸途径、莽草酸 / 苯丙素途径、萜类途径、脂氧合酶（LOX）途径等。直链醛、醇、酯主要通过脂氧合酶途径以及 β- 氧化途径产生,支链醛、醇、酯由氨基酸途径产生,萜类化合物由萜类途径产生,多酚类化合物由莽草酸 / 苯丙素途径产生。本文综述了近年来园艺作物香气物质成分、影响香气挥发的因素以及挥发性香气化合物的生物合成调控,提出了当前园艺作物香气的相关酶的生理功能、香气的遗传控制及其影响因素、香气物质与代谢机制研究较少的问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Laser manipulation of atoms and particles

A variety of powerful techniques to control the position and velocity of neutral particles has been developed. As examples of this new ability, lasers have been used to construct a variety of traps, to cool atoms to temperatures below 3 x 10(-6) kelvin, and to create atomic fountains that may give us a hundredfold increase in the accuracy of atomic clocks. Bacteria can be held with laser traps while they are being viewed in an optical microscope, and organelles within a cell can be manipulated without puncturing the cell wall. Single molecules of DNA can now be stretched out and pinned down in a water solution with optical traps. These new capabilities may soon be applied to a wide variety of scientific questions as diverse as precision measurements of fundamental symmetries in physics and the study of biochemistry on a single molecule basis.     

人工醇化上部烟叶重要中性致香物质与感官质量关系研究

为了探究人工醇化条件下烟叶重要中性致香物质和感官质量间关系,利用诸城地区烟叶进行研究。结果表明:醇化过程中重要中性致香物质含量发生极显著变化,其中类胡萝卜素降解产物、美拉德反应产物、芳香族氨基酸降解产物和其他类中性致香物质含量分别提升了82.67%、63.16%、276.74%和73.77%,叶绿素降解产物含量下降了32.33%,类西柏烷类降解产物含量无显著变化。美拉德反应产物与感官质量关系最为密切,且均为有利的影响;类西柏烷类降解产物对香气质和余味的作用是显著有利的;芳香族氨基酸降解产物对杂气、刺激性和总分的间接作用是显著有利的,相关系数分别为0.401、0.576和0.344;类胡萝卜素降解产物和叶绿素降解产物对感官质量有着不利影响;其他类中性致香物质对烟叶感官质量作用较小。逐步回归表明:感官质量与致香物质间回归关系显著,决定系数均在0.80以上,预测结果可靠。     

茶叶对老龄大鼠血糖、血脂及抗氧化功能的影响

108只12月龄退役SD大鼠分成13组经二个半月的红、绿茶添加饲料和茶汤的饲喂试验,结果表明,红茶和绿茶无论是干茶添加在饲料中还是茶汤,各处理均能显著降低老龄大鼠的血糖含量（P＜0．05）、血脂含量（P＜0．01）;显著提高其SOD酶活力（P＜0．01）;显著降低其MDA含量（红茶达P＜0．01水平,绿茶达P＜0．05水平）,其中绿茶降血脂能力比红茶强,而红茶抗氧化效果比绿茶显著。后者说明,茶叶的生物抗氧化机制除茶多酚类物质起作用外,还存在着其他更为重要的机制。     

A New PCR/LDR-Based Multiplex Functional Molecular Marker for Marker-Assisted Breeding in Rice

Marker-assisted selection or marker-aided selection(MAS)provides an effective complementary approach for conventional rice breeding with precise and speedy mobilization of target genes into elite genetic backgrounds.The targeted genes,however,may not be selected in the course of MAS due to the occasional recombination between the marker and the target gene/QTL during the many cycles of meiosis involved in breeding programs.This leads to failure in the selection of target traits(Gopalakrishnan et al,2008).     

不同泌乳阶段对荷斯坦牛干物质采食量和钙磷消化率的影响

试验研究了不同泌乳阶段荷斯坦牛干物质采食量和钙、磷表观消化率的变化趋势。结果表明:泌乳9月、5月奶牛干物质采食量显著高于泌乳1月奶牛(P<0.05);泌乳1月、2月奶牛产奶量显著高于泌乳5月、9月奶牛;泌乳期内不同泌乳阶段对奶牛Ca、P表观消化率影响显著(P<0.05),泌乳1月和2月奶牛Ca、P表观消化率显著高于泌乳5月和9月(P<0.05)。     

1980－2005年太湖地区土地利用变化及驱动因素分析

为了定量化研究土地利用变化特征及其驱动因素,该文应用遥感和GIS技术,分析江苏省环太湖地区1980-1990年、1990-2000年、2000-2005年3个不同时段土地利用的数量变化特征及土地利用类型的空间转换特征,并对研究区各时段土地利用变化的驱动因素进行探讨。结果表明:25a江苏省环太湖地区土地利用类型发生了复杂变化,3个不同时段土地利用变化特征各不相同且具有明显的区域差异性;区域土地利用程度持续增加,土地利用仍处于发展期;从土地利用类型转移变化看,建设用地转入的速度远大于转出的速度,有规模增加的趋势,而水田、旱地、林地的转入速度小于转出速度,存在规模减少的趋势。人口数量的增加、工业化、城市化带来的经济发展与土地管理政策等人类活动是江苏省环太湖地区土地利用类型转换的主要驱动因素。尽管近年来江苏省环太湖地区的土地开发利用取得了巨大的经济收益,但部分人类经济活动给区域农业的发展及土地资源的可持续利用带来巨大压力,甚至导致以水田为主的区域耕地资源质量的进一步退化。该研究为江苏省环太湖地区土地资源的可持续利用及人-地关系的协调发展提供科学依据。     

Establishment of Efficient Regeneration System of Populus×euramericana cl.‘Bofeng’

Compared with the species of Leuce section,the difficulty in plant regeneration during tissue culture for the species of Aigeiros section is a key limiting factor for their application in genetic engineering of forest trees.In this study,the plant growth regulators combination,copper concentration,light intensity,and the selection pressures of kanamycin were investigated using leaves of Populus×euramericana cl.’Bofeng’ as explants,and a stable and high efficient regeneration system was established.Using this system,both the shoot regeneration rate and rooting rate were up to 100%,and the average number of differentiated shoots in each leaf explant was up to 20,and the survival rate of seedlings reached 98%.The optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in shoot inducement for leaf-explant was 40 mg·L^-1,and the optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in root inducement of adventitious bud was 20 mg·L^-1.The authors also found that differentiation rate of adventitious buds of P.×euramericana cl.’Bofeng’ could be significantly promoted by increased copper concentration,and this is the first report about the key role of copper（Cu） in explant regeneration of Poplars.This regeneration system with high frequency which was established by the authors was as good as that of species of Leuce section,and it provides a good technological platform for genetic engineering of forest tree which uses the species of Aigeiros section as model materials.