In the past histomonosis was very well controlled with Dimetridazole as a treatment and/or Nifursol as feed additive. In the European Union both products were banned in 1995 and 2003, respectively. This was followed by the re-emergence of the disease in the recent years. In the present case a farm with two houses was affected by the disease. In each house 2620 hens and 2620 toms were kept, separated by wire mesh. At the 53rd day of age the toms in house 1 showed general clinical symptoms, accompanied by a slightly raised mortality, which sharply increased in the following days. At necropsy all dead birds showed lesions typical for histomonosis in caeca and liver. Histomonosis was diagnosed by histopathology and PCR. Within five days cumulative mortality was 25.1%.The hens kept at the same house didn't show any symptoms. At day 57 two toms, which were kept in house 2, died and showed similar symptoms and lesions. Within the next three days 48 more birds died. Again the hens in house 2 showed neither clinical signs nor mortality. Treatment trials using herbal products and a change of litter directly after the onset of clinical signs did not reduce the mortality. On day 62 the toms of both houses were euthanized by CO2 in closed containers. The hens were kept until they were slaughtered in week 16 and did not show any evidence of histomonosis. 相似文献
Adult stem cells are of particular interest for therapeutic use in the field of regenerative medicine. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are an attractive stem cell source for all fields of regenerative medicine because adipose tissue - and therewith cells - can easily be harvested from each donor. However, common expansion using fetal bovine serum (FBS) can not be used for clinical applications as xenogenic proteins must be avoided. Adipose tissue from equine, canine and porcine donors was digested with collagenase to isolate ASCs. ASCs were either expanded in a cell culture medium supplemented with FBS or in a serum-free medium (UltraCulture; UC) supplemented with a serum substitute (UltroserG). From all three animal species, the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential of ASCs cultured with different media was analyzed in vitro. Cell proliferation analysis showed a population doubling time of 48-68 h for canine cells, 54-65 h for porcine cells and 54-70 h for equine cells, expanded in different media. Except for porcine ASCs, cells cultured in media supplemented with FBS grew faster than cells expanded in UC medium with UltroserG. Yet, all cells maintained their potential to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. UltraCulture medium containing UltroserG can for all examined species be recommended if FBS needs to be avoided in the expansion of donor-derived (stem) cells. 相似文献
In the pathogenesis of epilepsy aberrant synaptic plasticity plays an important role. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) are responsible for nervous tissue remodelling resulting in synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS) and might therefore be crucially involved in epileptogenesis. To assess the potential pathogenetic role of microglial MMPs and TIMPs in seizure induction, twenty-four dogs suffering from different intracranial diseases with and without seizure activity were comparatively examined. Microglial cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and their expression profiles of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-12, MMP-13, MMP-14, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and RECK (reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs) were examined via quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Interestingly, a significant up-regulation of TIMP-2 expression was found for the first time in dogs suffering from seizures. In conclusion, microglial TIMP expression might be involved in seizure generation. 相似文献
Parasitic bronchitis caused by the bovine lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus, occurs worldwide in temperate areas. The parasite is found predominantly in calves and heifers, but dairy cattle can suffer from lungworms when they become infected for the first time or if they have lost immunity due to lack of exposure to lungworm larvae during the grazing season. The present study was performed to determine the D. viviparus bulk milk antibody prevalence in dairy herds in the East Frisian region of northwestern Germany, Lower Saxony, by analysing bulk milk samples collected in January (860 samples), September (866 samples) and November (860 samples) 2008, thereby representing 906 dairy farms. These samples were tested for antibodies against D. viviparus by a milk ELISA. This test detects patent infections only since it is based on recombinant major sperm protein as antigen. While in January 12.8% of dairy farms were positive for D. viviparus antibodies, the bulk milk samples collected in September and November revealed 6.9% and 6.6% positive dairy herds. From the 906 dairy farms included in the study, 191 (21.1%) tested positive at least once for antibodies against lungworm. From 810 dairy farms from which bulk milk samples were obtained during all three samplings, 146 (18.0%) farms were positive at one sampling date, 27 (3.3%) at two, and 4 (0.5%) on all three sampling dates. The majority of the farms represented in the study belonged to four districts of East Frisia, which showed no significant difference in the proportion of positive dairy farms. 相似文献
To test the value of a recently developed bulk-tank milk (BTM) ELISA for diagnosing (sub)clinical Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in lactating dairy herds under field conditions, bulk milk samples were collected from farms with or without clinical symptoms suspected to be caused by lungworm infection. Results of the BTM ELISA were compared against individual examinations for lungworm larvae in faeces and lungworm antibodies in serum from up to 20 heifers (parity 1) and up to 20 cows (parity ≥ 2) on the same farms. This also allowed, for the first time, to examine the value of individual faecal and serological examinations in the diagnosis of (sub)clinical lungworm infections. In total, 33 farms participated. Of these, 16 reported clinical symptoms possibly related to lungworm infection (defined as a suspected positive clinical status or CS(+)) and 17 reported having no such symptoms (CS(-)). In total, 503 heifers and 649 cows were sampled. Of all faeces samples positive for lungworm larvae, 94 were from heifers (18.9% of all heifers) and 75 from cows (11.7% of all cows) (P<0.001). Of all sera positive for lungworm antibodies, 130 were from heifers (26.1% of all heifers) and 113 from cows (17.5% of all cows) (P<0.001). Of the CS(-) farms 41% had at least one heifer or cow shedding larvae and 71% had at least one seropositive heifer or cow. Of the CS(+) farms this was 81% and 94%, respectively. There were only 4 farms, all CS(-), where none of the animals were found shedding larvae and all animals tested seronegative. This implies that on 76% of the CS(-) farms lungworm infection circulated unnoticed. On all CS(+) farms the suspicion that lungworm caused the respiratory symptoms was confirmed by the individual faecal and serological examinations, whereas the BTM ELISA confirmed presence of lungworm on half of the CS(+) farms. The latter in particular occurred on farms with the more severe outbreaks. Overall, of 32 available BTM samples 10 tested positive (8 of 15 CS(+) and 2 of 17 CS(-) farms). For diagnosing suspected lungworm disease it was concluded that testing a BTM sample might suffice in case of moderate to severe outbreaks. However, in case of a mild outbreak with just a few animals coughing, examining individual animals has to be preferred over testing a BTM sample. The likelihood to detect lungworm infection is higher if heifers are sampled compared to cows. Sensitivity of the BTM ELISA was 35.7% if the presence of at least one seropositive and/or one larvae shedding animal in the herd was used to define lungworm positive farms. On average, at least 30% of the herd had to be seropositive before the BTM ELISA was found positive for lungworm antibodies. Results indicate that the BTM ELISA in its current form does not appear to be suitable for surveys on the prevalence of lungworm presence on farms. However, this BTM ELISA might be used in large-scale surveys to detect, for instance, annual changes in percentage positive farms, as long as it is recognized that positivity is more closely related to incidence of lungworm disease than to prevalence of lungworm infection. 相似文献
Wireworms, the polyphagous larvae of click beetles belonging to the genus Agriotes (Coleoptera: Elateridae), are severe and widespread agricultural pests affecting numerous crops. Biological control agents and methods for this general pest are highly solicited. In a screening for microbial Agriotes pathogens, an intracellular bacterium and a mitosporic fungus were isolated. Phylogenetic analysis based on ribosomal RNA operon sequences of both micro-organisms corroborated their previous morphology-based taxonomic classification. The bacterial pathogen has been assigned to the taxonomic genus Rickettsiella (Gammaproteobacteria) wherein it represents a new pathotype, ‘Rickettsiella agriotidis’, that appears most closely related to subjective synonyms of the nomenclatural type species, Rickettsiella popillae. The fungal pathogen has been shown to belong to the form-species Beauveria bassiana, i.e., an obligate anamorph related to the genus Cordyceps (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Furthermore, the B. bassiana strain from Agriotes has been shown to be potentially susceptible to identification by gIi-diagnosis, i.e., a diagnostic method making use of the strain-specific presence of self-splicing group-I introns within the ribosomal RNA operons of certain hyphomycetous fungi. 相似文献
Wheat powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici, Bgt) is a disease of increasing importance globally due to the adoption of high yielding varieties and modern sustainable farming technologies.Growing resistant cultivars is a preferred approach to managing this disease, and novel powdery mildew resistance genes are urgently needed for new cultivar development.A genome-wide association study was performed on a panel of 1292 wheat landraces and historical cultivars using 5011 single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers.The association panel was evaluated for reactions to three Bgt inoculants, OKS(14)-B-3-1, OKS(14)-C-2-1, and Bgt15.Linkage disequilibrum(LD) analysis indicated that genome-wide LD decayed to 0.1 at 23 Mb, and population structure analysis revealed seven subgroups in the panel.Association analysis using a mixed linear model(MLM) identified three loci for powdery mildew resistance on chromosome 2 B, designated QPm.stars-2BL1,QPm.stars-2BL2, and QPm.stars-2BL3.To evaluate the efficacy of GWAS in gene discovery,QPm.stars-2BL2 was validated using F2 and F2:3 populations derived from PI420646 × OK1059060-126135-3.Linkage analysis delimited the powdery mildew resistance gene in PI 420646 to an interval where QPm.stars-2BL2 was located, lending credence to the GWAS results.QPm.stars-2BL1 and QPm.stars-2BL3, which were associated with four SNPs located at 457.7–461.7 Mb and two SNPs located at 696.6–715.9 Mb in the Chinese Spring reference IWGSC RefSeq v1.0, respectively, are likely novel loci for powdery mildew resistance and can be used in wheat breeding to improve powdery mildew resistance. 相似文献
River corridor plants in Central Europe have in recent decades become increasingly rare, caused mainly by habitat destruction and change. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of soil quality, but especially of habitat fragmentation in terms of population size and isolation, on seed production and germination of five selected species, all of which being endangered, perennial herbs: Euphorbia palustris, Lathyrus palustris, Pseudolysimachion longifolium, Sanguisorba officinalis, and Senecio paludosus. We sampled totally 58 populations in flood plains in the surroundings of Bremen, North-western Germany.
In all five species, there were positive correlations between the number of seeds (total seed mass) and plant height, as well as between germination and seed mass. Seed traits values and/or germination were negatively affected by small population size, in Euphorbia, Lathyrus and Pseudolysimachion additionally by high population isolation. There were also significant effects of soil quality, but these were less consistent across species. The contribution of population size and isolation, compared to soil quality, to the variance explained in the reproductive components was especially high in Euphorbia and Lathyrus, the only two species depending on insect pollination.
The results indicate that the five species are likely to decline as a consequence of decreased plant fitness in small and/or isolated populations, probably caused by pollen limitation. The studied species may be representative for the group of river corridor plants as a whole that are often restricted to isolated remnants of near-natural flood plain vegetation in a matrix of heavily used agricultural land. 相似文献