Relationship of the extent of pulmonary lesions to the partial pressure of oxygen and the lactate concentration in arterial blood in calves experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a primary agent of pneumonia in calves that causes damage to pulmonary epithelium and results in respiratory distress. This retrospective cumulative analysis of data from 681 calves experimentally infected with BRSV was undertaken to determine if there was an association of both the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO₂) and the lactate concentration in arterial blood with lung lesion severity, as well as to estimate the potential predictive value of these 2 parameters in assessing disease progression. The PaO₂ was highly significantly associated with the extent of lung lesions and was considered highly predictive of lesion severity. Although the arterial blood lactate concentration was also significantly associated with lung disease, the results were not consistent for all days after challenge. Also, the lactate level was usually within the reference interval. Thus, the usefulness of the arterial blood lactate concentration in predicting the course of BRSV-associated pneumonia is limited in the clinical setting.     

Survey of western Canadian beef producers regarding calf-hood diseases,management practices,and veterinary service usage

Cow-calf producers in western Canada were surveyed in June 2010 regarding calf-hood diseases and veterinary service usage; 310 producers responded. Use of veterinary services, particularly herd-health related services, increased with herd size as did neonatal diarrhea and clostridial vaccine usage. Administration of clostridial vaccines to pregnant dams before calving was associated with a reduction in neonatal diarrhea treatments; however, there was no association between neonatal diarrhea vaccine usage and a reduction in diarrhea treatments. Producers with > 220 breeding females were more likely than those with < 85 breeding females to seek veterinary advice regarding treating sick calves, have a veterinarian necropsy dead calves, have a veterinarian pregnancy check their bred females, and evaluate their herd bulls for breeding soundness.     

Brainstem auditory evoked responses and ophthalmic findings in llamas and alpacas in Eastern Canada

Seventeen llamas and 23 alpacas of various coat and iris colors were evaluated for: (1) deafness by using brainstem auditory evoked response testing; and (2) for ocular abnormalities via complete ophthalmic examination. No animals were deaf. The most common ocular abnormalities noted were iris-to-iris persistent pupillary membranes and incipient cataracts.     

The bovine CXCR1 gene is highly polymorphic

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the bovine CXCR1 gene have been implicated in resistance to mastitis and milk somatic cell counts in several sample populations of Holstein dairy cows. As such, a more thorough understanding of SNP present in and near the bovine CXCR1 gene is needed. This study identified 36 SNP in the coding region and surrounding sequences of CXCR1 in 88 Holstein dairy cows. Four SNP induced amino acid changes and 1 SNP an early stop codon. Two amino acid changes occur in the third intracellular loop and C-terminus in locations tied to intracellular signaling. The 36 SNP could be subdivided into 4 separate linkage groups. Using representative or 'tag' SNP from each linkage group, haplotypes or the combination of SNP found on a single allele were generated to increase the specificity of an animal's genetic background. Four haplotypes were identified that represented 99% of the sample population. The haplotypes generated using tag SNP agreed with haplotypes generated from SNP causing amino acid changes. In conclusion, the CXCR1 gene is highly polymorphic and has potential implications towards genetic selection and understanding host factors that increase the risk of infection.     

Spatial analysis of an anthrax outbreak in Saskatchewan, 2006

An outbreak of anthrax in Saskatchewan in 2006 affected more than 800 animals at 150 locations. The purpose of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal patterns among the cases to determine if there were any significant trends associated with this outbreak. Case and population data were first analyzed for each individual farm location and then again as aggregate data per rural municipality using spatial and spatiotemporal statistical methods such as Oden's Ipop, Cuzick-Edwards' test, spatial scan test, and other mapping techniques. East central Saskatchewan was identified as a primary high risk area, particularly during July 2006. The results of the study led to the conclusion that within this high-risk region, flooding in spring followed by hot and dry conditions could have been a factor in the development of the outbreak.     

Identifying a suite of surrogate freshwaterscape fish species: a case study of conservation prioritization in Ontario's Far North,Canada

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