我国林木生物质燃料的发展现状与对策

随着能源消耗量的不断增加, 有限的常规能源如煤、石油、天然气等, 将日趋紧缺, 我国石油资源不足的问题也将更为突出。目前我国已经成为世界第2大石油进口国, 2004年全年石油进口量达1.4亿t, 占总需求量的1/3多, 我国石油供应对国际石油市场的依赖程度将不断加大。因此, 寻找新的可持续的能源对于我国来说意义特别重大。文中总结了国内外发展生物质特别是林木生物质燃料的现状和经验, 对我国林木生物质燃料产业的发展提出了建议。     

鸡舍通风换气微机控制变频调速系统

现代养鸡生产中,通风换气是调节鸡舍环境的重要措施。该文介绍了一套采用微机控制变频调速系统对鸡舍进行通风换气。系统在硬件上设计了温度、湿度、含氨量检测电路;８０３１ＣＰＵ扩展电路和变频调速电路,系统软件则使用加权变量求和的方法,并依据养鸡专家的经验及现场多次的试验,求得温度、湿度、含氨量三个互耦变量之间的加权系数值。该微机控制ＶＶＶＦ系统应用于５～８周龄的ＡＡ肉鸡鸡舍的通风换气中,与一般定时控制系统相比,增加了饲养密度和肉鸡的体重,提高了饲料得益率和成活率,同时节电率为４１％。     

新疆典型膜下滴灌棉花种植模式的用水效率与效益

膜下滴灌技术因具有显著的节水、保温、抑盐、增产效果,在新疆自治区棉田中已获得大面积推广应用。在目前的大田棉花生产条件下,结合当地的光热、土壤、机械等条件,因地制宜选择合理的膜下滴灌种植模式,对合理调控棉田土壤水盐分布、促进棉花生长与增产、提高劳动生产率和增加棉农收入等具有十分重要的意义。迄今为止,在新疆自治区主要存在3种典型的膜下滴灌棉花种植模式,分别为传统模式、机采模式和超宽膜模式。该文通过开展实地调查取样,基于种植密度、灌溉定额、根区土壤水盐分布、覆膜宽度以及其它影响棉花生产收益的因素,对3种典型膜下滴灌棉花种植模式的水分利用效率与经济效益进行了对比分析。结果表明,由于各种种植模式下不同的种植密度、灌溉定额、根区土壤水盐分布、覆膜宽度等对棉花的耗水与产量产生了较大影响,导致棉花的水分利用效率存在明显差异：超宽膜模式棉花的水分利用效率为1.04 kg/m3,明显高于传统模式的0.98 kg/m3与机采模式的0.89 kg/m3。另外,经济效益受种植模式（影响前期投入与棉花产量）与采棉方式（影响采棉支出与籽棉收购单价）的影响较大：超宽膜模式具有最高的经济效益,其单位面积纯收入达18582元/hm2,稍高于机采模式下的18298元/hm2,传统模式下纯收入最低,仅11725元/hm2。因此,为高效利用农业水资源并增加种棉收益,建议在新疆自治区大力推广超宽膜模式,并对现有采棉机进行适当改进以在超宽膜模式下实现采棉机械化;或适当调整现有机采模式下的滴灌带布置形式（如将其布置在窄行的中央）,但相关的效应仍有待更进一步研究。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地刺槐混交林对土壤脲酶活性的影响

以黄河三角洲盐碱地26年生刺槐＋臭椿混交林（RA）、刺槐＋白榆混交林（RU）和刺槐＋白蜡混交林（RF）为研究对象,以刺槐纯林（RP）和无林地（CK）为对照,研究刺槐混交林对土壤脲酶活性的影响。结果表明：1）同一林分中,土壤脲酶活性随土层深度的增加而减小;2）不同林分之间表现为刺槐混交林〉刺槐纯林〉无林地,RP、RU、RF、RA的脲酶活性分别是CK的4．02、4．74、5．08和5．01倍;3）在影响土壤脲酶活性的土壤因子方面,刺槐混交林较其纯林表现为降低了土壤密度、pH值和含盐量,增大了总孔隙度,增强了蓄水性能,增加了全氮、碱解氮和有机质的质量分数,增加了细菌和固氮菌的数量;4）总孔隙度、细菌、固氮菌、全N和有机质等土壤因子对刺槐混交林土壤脲酶活性的影响较大,建议用这些土壤因子作为评价刺槐混交林土壤脲酶活性的主要指标。     

Inhibition of tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice by a combination of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and fish oil

The effect of a combination of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with fish oil on intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc (Min/+) mice fed a high-fat diet was investigated in the present study. The combined treatment of EGCG and fish oil for 9 weeks reduced the tumor number by 53% as compared to controls while neither agent alone had a significant effect. Apoptosis was significantly increased in all treatment groups. beta-Catenin nuclear positivity in adenomas from the combination group was lower than control mice, implicating the modulation of Wnt signaling by the combination. Fish oil and the combination significantly reduced prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) levels in small intestinal tumors as compared to controls, suggesting modulation of aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism by fish oil. Akt phosphorylation in adenomas was significantly reduced in all treatment groups, which may have contributed to the observed increase in apoptosis. The results indicate that a combination of low doses of EGCG and fish oil can inhibit tumor multiplicity in Apc (Min/+) mice.     

Levels of active oxygen species are controlled by ascorbic acid and anthocyanin in Arabidopsis

Stabilization of the levels of active oxygen species (AOS) is important to the survival of organisms. To clarify the system controlling levels of AOS in plants, this study used an electron spin resonance (ESR) method to directly measure superoxide radical (O(2)(.-)) scavenging activities in the wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (Col and Ler ecotypes), two anthocyanin mutants (tt3 and ttg1), and an ascorbic acid mutant (vtc1). Under ordinary growth conditions, Arabidopsis contained superoxide-scavenging activity (SOSA) of approximately 300-500 SOD units/g of fresh weight. The ESR pattern indicated that most (40-50%) of this activity was due to ascorbic acid. For the analysis of SOSA under conditions of oxidative stress, synthesis of AOS was induced by gamma-irradiation. The radical scavenging activity in irradiated plants increased approximately 10-fold following an associated increase in the accumulation of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin. The accumulation of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin was suppressed by treatment with an antioxidant before irradiation and was induced by treatment with a radical-generating reagent. The contributions of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin to the total superoxide radical scavenging activity differed among ecotypes. In the Ler ecotype, ascorbic acid accumulated at twice the level of that in the Col ecotype, and induction of anthocyanin was half that in Col. To confirm the activity of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin against AOS stress, the viability of the wild type and mutants (tt2, tt3,tt5, ttg1, and vtc1) was examined after gamma-irradiation. Only the plants in which ascorbic acid and anthocyanin were induced had the ability to grow and flower.     

茶树油清除豇豆农药残留的效果

为研究茶树油清除果蔬农药残留的效果,该试验选取豇豆为供试材料,以不同浓度的茶树油和水溶性茶树油等清洗处理,利用气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测豇豆内有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类的农药残留量,计算农药清除率。供试7种农药中,水胺硫磷、马拉硫磷、氧乐果、三唑磷、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和速灭威在豇豆中的初始浓度分别为:20.395、1.690、6.524、10.719、0.160、12.104和23.057mg/kg。茶树油处理后检测结果表明,茶树油具有清除残留在豇豆中农药的能力,清除效果随茶树油浓度增加而增强;清除有机磷类农药效果较拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类农药明显。茶树油比去离子水、市售果蔬农残清洗剂清除农药残留效果显著,同时,相同浓度的水溶性茶树油比相应茶树油清除农药残留能力强。0.8%水溶性茶树油清除效果最佳,清除率分别为水胺硫磷80.48%,马拉硫磷94.54%,三唑磷82.79%,毒死蜱84.58%,氧乐果72.20%,氯氰菊酯80.51%,速灭威72.21%。通过研究结果可知,茶树油可作为有开发前景的果蔬清除剂。     

A Laboratory Column Study on the Biodegradation of Toluene and Methyl tert–Butyl Ether: The Effect of Substrate Interactions

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is one of the most effective remediation technologies for soil and groundwater contamination. Soil particles can be mobilized by air perturbation during SVE, resulting in the differentiation of porous media, which has not been well addressed. This paper developed a numerical method to study the flow pattern and quantify the change of porous media for the first time. Based on the mass equilibrium and Darcy’s law, a two-phase water–air flow model was constructed with integration of saturation, relative permeability, and capillary pressure during SVE. Relationship between porosity and saturation was deduced and coupled with the two-phase flow model for quantifying change of porous media in real time. Results reveal that both porosity and permeability increase sharply in the early stage of SVE then gradually to a quasi-steady state. These increases in vadose zone tapered off with distance from the SVE screen and the steady period occurred later as well. The influence radius of a single SVE well and the change degree in porosity and permeability of media were proportional to the extraction vacuum and the driving coefficient C, which is more sensitive than extraction vacuum according to the simulation results. Knowledge from this modeling exercise provides a useful tool to estimate the change of remediated zone and assess the environmental risk of remedial activities at real-world contamination sites.     

利用航空成像光谱数据研究土壤供氮量及变量施肥对冬小麦长势影响

以推扫式成像光谱仪PHI(Pushbroom Hyperspectral Imager)获取的冬小麦拔节期、灌浆初期及乳熟期的航空影像数据为基础，提取反映冬小麦长势的光谱特征值，结合地面调查数据，分析了研究区冬小麦的长势情况；对不同时相光谱特征值与土壤基础供氮量、土壤总供氮量以及变量施肥量进行统计分析，分析结果显示：土壤基础供氮量、土壤总供氮量的空间分布差异对冬小麦长势有明显的影响，其中，土壤基础供氮量是影响冬小麦长势的重要因素，它对冬小麦的长势影响贯穿冬小麦的整个生育期；此外，该文还通过变量施肥前后作物     

In-Situ Immobilization of Cadmium and Lead by Different Amendments in Two Contaminated Soils

Different soil amendments, including 1% zeolite, 1% bentonite,5% Penghu soil (PHS), 5% Penghu soil + 1% manganese oxide (PHS + MO), 1% MO, and 1.5% silicate slag (SS), were used to immobilize Cd and Pb in two contaminated soils evaluated by single and sequential extractions and by uptake of Chinese cabbage (Brassica Chinensis L.). Results indicated that the PHS and MO significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the 0.1 M HCl extractable Cd and Pb in the two contaminated soils. Allamendment treatments did not change the organic and residual amounts of Cd and Pb in soils A and B, but the PHS andPHS + MOtreatments significantly reduced the exchangeable amounts of Cdand Pb in the two soils as measured by sequential extraction. Thecombination of PHS and MO amendments was associated with ahigh pH value and negative soil surface charge showed the best immobilizing efficiency of Cd and Pb in this study. All soil amendments investigated did not increase the dry matter weight of the plant, and most of them decreased the uptake of Cd and Pb, especially for the PHS and MO. The PHS and MO treatments reduced the extractability of Cd and Pb in two soils and theiruptake by the plant, but only the Pb content in Chinese cabbagefrom the amended soils was less than the background levels of heavy metals in leaf vegetables of Taiwan.