Transmission of Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium marinum in laboratory zebrafish through live feeds

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a popular vertebrate model organism used in a wide range of research fields. Mycobacteriosis, caused by Mycobacterium species, is particularly concerning because it is a common disease associated with chronic infections in these fish. Infections are also a source of uncontrolled experimental variance that may influence research results. Live feeds for zebrafish are common and include paramecia (Paramecium caudatum), brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) and rotifers (Branchionus spp.). Although nutritionally beneficial, live feeds may pose a biosecurity risk. In this study, we investigate transmission of Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium marinum through these three live feeds. We show that all three live feeds ingest both M. marinum and M. chelonae and can transmit mycobacterial infections to zebrafish. This observation emphasizes the need for live feeds to be included in the consideration of potential biosecurity risks. This study is of importance to other beyond the zebrafish community, including those of additional aquatic models and those using live feeds for other types of aquaculture.     

一株高效氨氮及亚硝态氮去除功能菌株的分离鉴定及在生物絮团对虾养殖中的应用

从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖水体中分离出具有高效氨氮及亚硝态氮去除功能的菌株Y2,生理生化和16SrRNA基因序列比对分析结果显示该菌株为麦氏交替单胞菌(Alteromonas macleodii)。进一步通过生长实验进行温度、酸碱度、盐度的培养条件优化,利用抗生素药敏实验筛选菌株特定抗性;通过卤虫浸泡感染的方法检测麦氏交替单胞菌Y2的安全性,并测定海水培养液OD_(600)及含氮无机污染物的浓度,探究菌株Y2生长与水体中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮之间的动态变化关系;通过28d对虾养殖试验,监测水质、生物絮团形成量、致病菌数量及对虾成活率生长速率,进一步阐明菌株在实际养殖中的功效。结果表明,该菌株Y2对苯唑西林、克林霉素有抗性;对卤虫的48 h半致死浓度高于1.9×10~8 cfu/mL,显著高于哈氏弧菌(10~2 cfu/mL)。此外,该菌具有持续去除水体中氨氮、亚硝态氮的功能。在养殖实验中能抑制潜在病原菌弧菌生长、提高对虾存活率及生长率,并且能在水体中稳定存活较长时间。综上所述,菌株Y2是养殖用益生菌制剂的优良备选菌株,可作为生物絮团养殖系统中调节水质的关键菌株。     

Modelling the impacts of environmental variation on habitat suitability for Pacific saury in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean

We developed habitat suitability index (HSI) models for two size classes of Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Environmental data, including sea surface temperature, sea surface height, salinity, and net primary production, and catch and effort data from Taiwanese distant‐water stick‐held dip net fisheries during the main fishing season (August–October) during 2002–2015 were used. Habitat preferences and suitable habitat area differed between size classes. The suitable habitat was located between 40–47.5°N and 145–165°E for large‐sized Pacific saury but encompassed a greater area (35–47°N and 140–165°E) for medium‐sized Pacific saury. Both size classes were affected by substantial interannual variation in the environmental variables, which in turn can be important in determining the potential fishing grounds. We found a significant negative relationship between the suitable habitat area and the Niño3.4 indices with a time‐lag of 6 months for the large‐sized (r = ?0.68) and medium‐sized (r = ?0.42) Pacific saury, respectively, as well as the total landings of Pacific saury by all fishing fleets (r = ?0.46). As remotely‐sensed environmental data become increasingly available, HSI models may prove useful for evaluation of possible changes in habitat suitability resulting from climate change or other environmental phenomena and in formulating scientific advice for management.     

Attachment and growth of vegetative propagules of Chondria crassicaulis Harvey (Ceramiales,Rhodophyta) under various culture conditions

The red alga Chondria crassicaulis has a wide‐ranging bioactive chemical composition and is used as a local foodstuff, representing a potentially new cultivar in Korea. The cultivation techniques were developed by examining the monthly changes in frond weight in a field population of C. crassicaulis from November 2016 to October 2017. For seedling production, temperature and irradiance effects on the attachment and growth of vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis were evaluated. In addition, effects of day length and salinity on the propagule growth were examined. C. crassicaulis is a year‐round species with a maximum frond wet weight of 817 mg observed in July 2017, as seawater temperature increases to 20°C. The attachment of vegetative propagules was significantly affected by temperature and irradiance, with maximal values detected at 20–25°C and 60 µmol photons m^?2 s^?1. The relative growth rates of vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis were the highest at 20–25°C, 60 µmol photons m^?2 s^?1, and a salinity of 25 psu. In conclusion, due to its tremendous tolerance under variable environmental conditions, the vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis can be used as seedlings for mass cultivation.     

Evolution of marine fisheries management in China from 1949 to 2019: How did China get here and where does China go next?

China is the world’s biggest fishing nation and a major player in the global seafood trade. Its fisheries development can decisively influence the global seafood trade, food security and marine conservation. In recent years, significant changes have taken place in China’s fisheries management priorities, policies and regulations. In this paper, we review the evolving fisheries management practices in China to delineate changes in the management policies, methods and their performances from 1949 to 2019. We determined that the following issues impede the development, implementation and enforcement of fisheries policies and regulations, namely the large size of the fishing fleet, large and poorly organized fisheries population, the “hidden” fishing capacity, uniform management approaches that sometimes fail to account for local conditions, lack of clearly defined and allocated fishing rights, limited data quality and availability, insufficient fisheries monitoring programmes, absence of a robust scientific input framework and insufficient stakeholder involvement. Combining those problems with China’s current management initiatives, we propose recommendations for China’s future fisheries reforms. We hope this paper can inform China’s marine fisheries policies and provide valuable references for further researches related to China’s sustainable fisheries management.     

红枣干燥技术与装备研究进展

为了探索开发适宜缩短红枣干燥时间、提高红枣干燥品质的技术与装备,综述了红枣单一与联合干燥发展现状与研究进展,并在此基础上进行了红枣干燥技术与装备的对比分析.同时,阐述了预处理对红枣干燥特性的影响,以期为在研究红枣干燥特性和干燥装备现状的基础上,对不同红枣干制品实施适宜的干燥加工技术与研制新型干燥装备提供理论依据与技术支...     

播种方式对不同品种小麦产量和品质的影响

研究不同播种方式对不同品种小麦产量和品质的影响,为小麦高产高效栽培提供参考。采用二因素随机区组设计,播种方式为匀播（A1）和常规条播（A2）,小麦品种为衡观35(B1)、邯6172(B2)、轮选103(B3)和石麦25(B4)。结果表明,2种播种方式对植株性状影响差异显著,条播的株高和穗粒数均显著高于匀播,匀播的产量、穗数和千粒重均显著高于条播,其中匀播处理的产量比条播提高4.42%。播种方式对小麦的容重、面筋指数、出粉率和14%吸水率有显著影响,匀播处理的小麦出粉率比条播高2.02个百分点。条播处理下石麦25的产量最高,衡观35的磨粉品质较好;匀播处理下衡观35、邯6172和轮选103的产量均较高,邯6172的粉质指标较好。     

Herbicidal and biological characteristics of a new benzenesulfonylurea compound K-11451 under submerged paddy conditions

The new benzenesulfonylurea K-11451, an α-hydroxy-β-fluoropropyl- compound, applied at 3–9 g ha ⁻¹, controlled annual and perennial weeds grown in submerged paddy soil under greenhouse conditions. It effectively controlled barnyardgrass at growth stages varying from pre-emergence to the five-leaf stage. The compound inhibited acetolactate synthase, I₅₀ values for the enzyme isolated from barnyardgrass and rice being 56 and 67 nM , respectively. K-11451 inhibited the growth of rice when it was transplanted at a shallow depth (0–1 cm) and water leaching from the paddy soil was high (3–5 cm per day). With a water depth of 3 cm, the compound appeared to move readily down into the paddy soil and had the relatively short half-life of 15.2 days under submerged paddy conditions. A mixture of K-11451 + mefenecet + daimuron (9 + 250 + 250 g ha⁻¹) controlled almost all weeds in the paddy field without injury to rice, so that the combination could be used as a ‘one-shot’ herbicide in rice culture.     

宁夏罗山地区2004-2015年NPP时空变化及气候响应

[目的] 揭示罗山保护区植被净初级生产力（NPP）变化规律及气候相关性,为宁夏回族自治区及其周边生态环境保护提供科学依据。[方法] 利用MOD17A3H NPP（2004—2015年）数据、SRTM DEM和罗山周边气象站点（2004—2015年）年均气温和降水数据,运用相关性分析、趋势分析、线性回归分析等方法,分析气候、人口、生态及移民政策等对研究区植被净初级生产力的影响,对区内NPP时空变化特征进行定量化分析。[结果] ①研究区内植被净初级生产力的变化与降水的相关性较高;在核心区,降水与NPP的相关系数R=0.609,置信度p=0.036;在非核心区,相关系数R=0.648,置信度p=0.023;②研究区NPP呈波动增长趋势,速率为0.076 Pg/a（以C计）,高于全国NPP增长速率（0.008 Pg/a）; ③2010—2015年大罗山森林覆盖面积有所增长,NPP介于350～500 g/（m²·a）的森林面积是2004—2009年的4倍,小罗山方向基带植被由荒漠向荒漠草原转化; ④研究区以NPP划分的生态格局主要以荒漠为主（64.9%）,荒漠草原次之（29.6%）,森林占比极低（0.38%）。[结论] 干旱区植被NPP高度依赖降水,罗山地区生态结构有所改善,但森林生态系统仍极端脆弱。