花期低温对水稻叶鞘生理及结实率的影响

盆栽条件下,以耐冷性不同的2个水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种龙稻5（耐冷型）和龙粳11（冷敏型）为材料,于开花期在人工气候室进行低温（15℃,分别持续1,2,3,4,5 d）处理,研究开花期低温对不同耐冷性水稻结实率及叶鞘膜透性、抗氧化酶等生理指标的影响。结果表明：低温处理2 d时,龙稻5和龙粳11的花粉活力分别下降了8.21%和16.10%,差异达极显著水平;低温处理3 d后,龙稻5的结实率下降到99.90%,与CK相比差异达到显著水平;低温处理1 d后,龙粳11的结实率下降到60.04%,与对照相比差异达到极显著水平。低温处理提高了水稻叶鞘相对电导率和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量,处理5 d时各指标达最大值,与CK相比,龙稻15和龙粳11分别提高了38.01%和20.77%、25.06%和84.85%、25.82%和23.63%。同时低温处理也提高了叶鞘超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,处理3 d时酶活性达最大值,龙稻15和龙粳11分别较CK提高了10.57%和14.90%、86.26%和68.71%、17.73%和28.25%。综上所述,开花期低温引起水稻叶鞘膜脂过氧化程度升高,但也诱导水稻叶鞘抗氧化系统开启、保护酶活性上升以抵御低温伤害;开花期低温导致水稻花粉活力降低并引起结实率降低,耐冷品种较冷敏品种抵御能力强。     

"沃得天"微肥叶面喷施对猕猴桃产量和品质的影响

验证"沃得天"微肥(一种新型微量元素水溶肥)对猕猴桃果树的喷施肥效,为陕西省猕猴桃生产提质增效提供科学依据。试验设置了喷施新型微量元素水溶肥("沃得天"微肥1(W1)、"沃得天"微肥2(W2))、普通微量元素水溶肥(G1)、清水(当地地下水,CK1)4个处理,供试材料为"秦美"猕猴桃,田间采用完全随机区组设计,测定了叶片生长、果实产量和品质方面的指标,并综合评价了"沃得天"微肥的田间应用效果。结果表明,与对照相比,喷施W1和W2均显著提高了猕猴桃叶片的百叶重和百叶厚,百叶重分别增加22.6%和33.3%,百叶厚分别增加20%和27%;其中W2还能同时增加果实横、纵径,增幅为11.0%和12.9%,并能够显著提高叶片中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn以及Ca的含量,其中与普通微肥相比增加Fe元素60～78 mg·kg~(-1)。喷施W1和W2分别增加猕猴桃单果重为11.3%和8.8%,增加了果实的固酸比,其中W2果实中Vc的含量显著增加了8.6%;W1和W2还不同程度增加了果实中多种微量元素和钙的含量,优化了猕猴桃果实外观和营养品质。另外,W1和W2处理猕猴桃分别增产8.11%和5.17%,增益8.83%和5.43%,而且2种"沃得天"新型微量元素肥料对猕猴桃增产提质效果均优于市售普通微肥。因此,叶面喷施"沃得天"新型微肥可以促进陕西"秦美"猕猴桃的生长发育,并且能在一定程度上调控叶片和果实对必需微量元素的累积,在提高果实品质和增产增收及优化猕猴桃肥料管理方面效果显著。     

CO2浓度升高和磷素亏缺对黑麦草气孔特征及气体交换参数的影响

为深入理解未来大气CO2浓度升高背景下草地生态系统结构与功能响应土壤磷亏缺的潜在机理,该研究利用可精准控制CO2浓度的大型人工气候室,探讨了正常CO2浓度400 μmol/mol、升高CO2浓度800 μmol/mol和磷素供应水平（0.004、0.012、0.02、0.06、0.1和0.5 mmol/L）对黑麦草气孔特征及其气体交换过程的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高使供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的气孔密度增加约35%（P=0.012）和25%（P<0.001）,但却减小气孔开度13%（P=0.002）和12%（P=0.005）,且导致供磷水平为0.06 mmol/L的黑麦草气孔分布更加规则。同时,CO2浓度升高还导致供磷水平0.1和0.5 mmol/L的净光合速率显著增加8.6%（P=0.002）和15.8%（P<0.001）,从而提高黑麦草的水分利用效率。另外,不同供磷水平明显改变了植株生物量及其分配,且高浓度CO2对较高磷水平时地上生长产生更强的施肥效应。研究结果将为深入理解草地生态系统对大气CO2浓度升高和土壤磷素亏缺的响应机理提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

基于堆叠沙漏网络的单分蘖水稻植株骨架提取

针对水稻栽培和遗传育种研究中单分蘖性状高通量无损提取的实际需求,该研究提出了一种基于沙漏网络模型的单分蘖水稻关键点预测和骨架提取方法。首先,对原始图像进行批量裁剪、gamma校正和锐化卷积等预处理,获取单色背景下的水稻单分蘖图像数据集;设计水稻单分蘖各器官关键点数据标注策略,构建监督数据集。然后,构建堆叠沙漏网络架构实现叶片数固定和不固定的水稻关键点检测,引入沙漏结构整合图像的多尺度特征,结合中间监督机制整合不同沙漏模块信息。叶片数一致的情况,模型预测准确率最高可达96.48%;叶片数不一致的情况,预测准确率达到82.09%。最后,根据预测关键点及其对应的语义信息连接形成植株骨架,选取茎秆长、叶片长、穗长、叶片-茎秆夹角和茎节点位置5个表型参数对生成骨架模型的实际意义进行评估,其均方根误差依次为5.82 cm、3.09 cm、1.71 cm、3.22°和2.04 cm,证明了该方法能较好地识别水稻单分蘖关键点,为水稻骨架提取提供了一种新思路,有助于加快水稻育种速度。     

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a grouper iridovirus (GIV) isolated from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel)

Molecular characterization was carried out on an iridovirus isolated from yellow grouper, Epinephelus awoara . The major capsid protein (MCP) gene was located, sequenced and compared with homologous genes from other iridoviruses. The nucleotide sequence is 1392 bases long and contains a single open reading frame beginning at an ATG codon from the 5' end and terminating at a TAA codon at the 3' end. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 463 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 50 272 Da. Pairwise amino acid alignments detected a high degree of sequence identity between grouper iridovirus (GIV) MCP and the homologous genes of other iridoviruses. The MCP gene of GIV was most similar to the MCP gene from frog virus 3 (FV3) with 70% nucleotide and 73% amino acid sequence identity. The predicted molecular weight of the protein of this gene is comparable with the apparent weight obtained by SDS–PAGE. Pathogenicity of the GIV was investigated in yellow grouper by intraperitoneal injection of 10⁷ and 10⁴ TCID₅₀ virus. Cumulative mortalities reached 100% within 11 and 25 days post-infection, respectively, while no grouper died in the control group. The molecular studies demonstrated that GIV is a member of the genus Ranavirus .     

An ecosystem-based assessment of the Korean blue crab trammel net fishery in the Yellow Sea and management implications

Landings in the blue crab, Portunus trituberculatus, fishery in Korean waters of the Yellow Sea have declined substantially from 11,000 t in the 1980s to 2,300 t in 2004. Blue crab habitat quality in the Yellow Sea has been degraded by anthropogenic activities including sand mining, land reclamation, and coastal pollution. Various traditional management measures have been implemented, including closed seasons during spawning and size limits, but these measures alone have been unsuccessful to conserve blue crab stocks. Consequently, a total allowable catch and a stock-rebuilding program using an ecosystem-based management approach were implemented in 2003 and 2006, respectively to rebuild blue crab stocks and restore habitats. This program involved assessment of both blue crab stock status and trammel-net fishery impacts at an ecosystem-level using an ecosystem-based fisheries assessment method ( [Zhang et al., 2009] and [Zhang et al., 2010]), which considered fishery data from catch and effort time-series, crab population biology, and ecosystem characteristics, including habitats and environmental conditions. Recent (2008) management status indices have shown significant positive change compared to conditions in 2000 with respect to sustainability of the stock and fishery and with regards to biodiversity and ecosystem habitat quality.     

兴凯湖翘嘴红鮊人工授精胚胎发育初步观察

兴凯湖翘嘴红人工孵化受精卵在人工条件下胚胎发育正常,水温22－24℃时,受精1h20min开始第一次卵裂,受精后12h开始形成器官,受精后28h孵化积温达到610℃时,开始出膜。刚出膜的仔鱼全长4．4-5．5mm。     

Reproductive characteristics and variations in the biochemical composition of Neptunea arthritica cumingii crosse through embryonic development

The copulation, egg laying, embryonic development and changes in amino acids and fatty acids in Neptunea arthritica cumingii during embryogenesis were studied to understand the embryo development process and nutritional requirements in the early life phase. The results showed that N. arthritica cumingii has direct development within the egg capsule and the development of embryos was classified into five stages: cleavage, egg swallowing, protoconch forming, shell development and juvenile. Embryos develop through the provision of nurse eggs as an extra‐embryonic source of nutrition. As development continued, the body of the embryo began to coil. After about 70–80 days, young N.arthritica cumingii started to emerge through a hole underneath the capsule. Biochemical results showed that the total amount of amino acids showed a decreasing trend as embryonic development progressed. The content of all nine essential amino acids decreased significantly from the egg‐swallowing stage to the post‐larva stage (p < .05). Concentrations of five of the seven nonessential amino acids also showed a decreasing trend from the egg‐swallowing stage to the post‐larva stage; the exceptions were Ala and Gly. Gly is the only amino acid that consistently increased in concentration during the development process. Most fatty acids increased after the eggs hatched, except for C20:1, C20:2, C22:5 and C22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). The data in this study may provide a starting point for the formulation of well‐balanced early‐stage larval diets, although N.arthritica cumingii is still in the exploration stage.     

Replacement of fish oil with soybean oil in diets for juvenile Chinese sucker (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myxocyprinus asiaticus</Emphasis>): effects on liver lipid peroxidation and biochemical composition

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the replacement of fish oil (FO) by soybean oil (SO) on growth performance, liver lipid peroxidation, and biochemical composition in juvenile Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Fish (13.7 ± 0.2 g) in triplicate were fed five experimental diets in which 0% (FO as control), 40% (SO40), 60% (SO60), 80% (SO40), and 100% (SO100) FO were replaced by SO. The body weight gain of fish fed SO40, SO60, or SO80 diet was similar to FO group, but diets that have 100% soybean oil as dietary lipid significantly reduced fish growth (P < 0.05). Although the level of SO resulted in increasing crude lipid content of the liver, the level of SO did not significantly alter the hepatosomatic index (HSI). Indicators of peroxidation, such as vitamin E (V_E) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) contents, were changed as increasing dietary SO. It was shown that the inclusion of SO in the diets increased V_E concentrations, but reduced TBARS in the liver and total cholesterol (T-CHO) in the plasma. Linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) significantly increased in fish liver fed diets that contained SO, but eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the ratio n-3/n-6 were significantly reduced by the inclusion of dietary SO (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that the inclusion of SO increased the hepatic V_E content and reduced lipid peroxidation in fish. However, diet containing 100% SO as dietary lipid could reduce growth performance. Thus, we recommended that 40–80% SO can be used as dietary lipid to replace FO for juvenile Chinese sucker.