Response of Rice Seedlings to Copper Toxicity and Acidity

Metal toxicity and soil acidity affect plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to simulate effects of pH and copper concentration [Cu] on early growth and biomass production of high-yielding rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘NIAB 6’). The rice seedlings were allowed to grow in Yoshida nutrient solution with 1 (control), 8, 16, and 32 μM Cu at buffered pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Shoot and root growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and root lipid peroxidation and K⁺ leakage of 15-day-old rice seedlings were determined. Results show that [Cu] had significant adverse effects on rice seedlings. Shoot height and root length were reduced by 18%–60% and 7%–69%, respectively, compared with the control, and shoot and root weight decreased by 26%–56%, and 25%, respectively, in response to progressive increases in [Cu]. Similarly, leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 150%–245% compared with the control treatment. Rice seedling roots suffered from significant increases in lipid peroxidation followed by K⁺ leakage (> 8–23 times) in response to increasing [Cu]. Averaged across [Cu], seedling growth and biomass were greater at pH 5.5 than at other pH treatments. In some instances, increasing pH minimized the adverse effects of Cu at low concentrations on rice seedlings.     

Effect of biofertilizers on the nutrient availability in soil in relation to growth,yield and yield attributes of Stevia rebaudiana

A field experiment was conducted at Rani Chandramma Agricultural University (Arabhavi, Belgaum), Karnataka, India, in basic soil to study the nutrient availability in soil, yield and yield attributes of the medicinal plant stevia (Stevia rebaudiana). The results showed that the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil increased up to the fifth month; and thereafter, decreased by the same amount with the progress of the plant growth up to the sixth month, irrespective of treatments. Results also showed that the fresh and dry biomass yields significantly increased up to the sixth month with different treatments, but the yield attributes like plant height and the number of branches were observed to be varied with various treatments, being highest in the combined application of biofertilizers over that of their corresponding sole applications.     

江西退化红壤人工重建森林土壤微生物碳源代谢功能研究

应用MicroResp方法研究4种重建森林土壤微生物对不同类型碳源的代谢特征,自然恢复地为对照处理。结果表明,不同培养时间(6 h和继续培养18 h)和不同土壤深度(0~10和10~20 cm),土壤微生物对单一碳源的利用能力差异显著。4种重建森林土壤微生物对碳源利用能力有显著差异,表现为:自然恢复地阔叶混交林阔叶纯林针阔混交林针叶纯林。多样性指数和均匀度指数表明4种重建森林土壤微生物群落多样性的变化趋势为:自然恢复地阔叶混交林阔叶纯林针阔混交林针叶纯林,除自然恢复地外,土壤微生物的多样性和均匀度在4种不同重建森林类型之间差异不显著。主成分分析结果表明,所选15种碳源能够阐述4种不同重建森林土壤微生物功能多样性的差异,森林土壤微生物的敏感碳源主要为糖类。     

Fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 enriches the diversity of nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut

Previously, the application of the fungal endophyte Phomopsis liquidambari B3 exhibited notable effect in alleviating soil obstacles caused by continuous cropping of peanut. It was supposed that P. liquidambari B3 could enhance the efficiency of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by enriching the diversity of nodular endophytic bacteria under continous monocropping system. To verify this hypothesis, a pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions. Four treatments were set as follow: discontinuous cropping soil (NS), continuous cropping soil (CK), continuous cropping soil inoculate with actived P. liquidambari B3 (CSB3), and continuous cropping soil inoculate with sterilized P. liquidambari B3 (CSIB3). As a result, a total of 120 isolates were obtained. Our study clearly declared that the addition of fungal endophyte effectively enriched the genetic diversity and the community composition in CSB3. In contrast, a low genetic diversity level and simplex community structure were exhibited in CK and CSIB3. Meanwhile, the positive percentage rate and corresponding community composition of the plant growth-promoting isolates in NS and CSB3 were larger and more abundant than the other. This is the first time to describe the effects of fungal endophytes on the diversity of the nodular culturable endophytic bacteria associated with continuous cropping of peanut.     

Review of Trends in Strawberry Research from 1960 to 2016

A review of publications on “Strawberry” was done by using the Scopus database for the period 1960–2016. A total of 10,400 articles were found in the database and analyzed using a variety of measures. Results show that publication increased exponentially from 1960 to 2016. Multiple authors are collaborating in strawberry research. Acta Horticulturae was the most productive journal. The United States of America was the most productive country. The greatest portion of the research was concerned with medicinal benefits of strawberries to humans. This work will be useful to researchers in identifying trends in strawberry research.     

基于高光谱的双季稻分蘖数监测模型

旨在阐明双季稻分蘖数与冠层反射高光谱间的定量关系,构建基于高光谱的双季稻分蘖数监测模型。基于不同早、晚稻品种和施氮水平的田间试验,于关键生育期(分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期)测定早、晚稻分蘖数,同步使用FieldSpec HandHeld 2型高光谱仪采集早、晚稻冠层反射高光谱数据,分别利用光谱指数法和连续小波变换构建新型光谱指数和敏感小波特征对双季稻分蘖数进行监测,建立双季稻分蘖数光谱监测模型,并用独立试验数据进行检验。结果表明,新型光谱指数和敏感小波特征对双季稻分蘖数的监测效果优于其他类型光谱参数(植被指数和“三边”参数),其中位于红边区域的小波特征db7(s9,w735)监测早稻分蘖数时表现最优,监测模型R2为0.754,模型检验相对均方根误差RRMSE为0.128;位于红边区域的小波特征mexh(s6,w714)监测晚稻分蘖数时表现最优,监测模型R2为0.837,模型检验RRMSE为0.112。研究结果可为双季稻分蘖数快速无损监测和群体质量精确调控提供理论基础与技术支持。     

割秧后花生收获机捡拾装置设计与试验

先将秧蔓切割再进行收获可较好地实现覆膜种植花生秧蔓饲料化利用。该研究针对割秧后花生植株变短、横向尺寸变小、荚果-秧蔓比增加,原有收获机捡拾装置适应性差的问题,在已有花生捡拾收获技术基础上,对捡拾弹齿间距、弹齿转速、折弯角度、弹齿排数等关键结构和运动参数进行改进,研制了一种适于割秧后收获的弹齿式花生捡拾装置。运用SPSS软件对割秧后花生植株横向尺寸进行统计分析,确定了弹齿间距为7 cm;通过对花生植株低损捡拾和顺畅抛送条件的理论分析,在回转半径为21 cm的条件下,确定捡拾弹齿转速为60 r/min;通过对花生植株被弹齿捡起时的受力情况分析,确定捡拾弹齿折弯角度为102°,并根据铺放厚度,确定捡拾弹齿折弯部分长度为4 cm;建立捡拾弹齿齿尖运动方程,运用Matlab软件对不同排数弹齿齿尖运动轨迹进行分析,确定捡拾弹齿排数为6排。田间试验结果表明,弹齿式花生捡拾装置的平均捡拾率为98.07%,捡拾装置造成的平均落果率为1.23%;满足割秧后花生捡拾收获作业需求。该研究可为割秧后花生以及其他作物捡拾收获机具研发和改进提供借鉴。     

土壤微生物膜对风沙土固沙保水特性的影响

土壤微生物膜胞外聚合物具有较强的黏结性,为增强风沙土抗蚀性,提高风沙土保水性提供了新途径。鉴于此,该研究采用室内控制试验设置6个微生物菌剂施用水平(0、1、3、5、7和10 g/kg),以期阐明土壤微生物膜对风沙土特性的影响。研究结果表明:1)施用微生物菌剂可产生土壤微生物膜,并胶结风沙土颗粒。2)试验结束时(第49 d),与对照组相比,不同菌剂施用处理的土壤容重降低0.54%～8.88%,孔隙度提高0.39%～3.91%,含水率显著提高0.11%～0.25%(P0.05),大团聚体质量分数增加5.59%～25.01%,土壤pH值由7.16显著增加至8.32～9.23(P0.05)。3)土壤多糖含量对土壤特性的解释率为47%,是影响土壤特性的关键因素。土壤微生物膜能够有效改善风沙土特性,增强风沙土抗蚀性,提高风沙土保水性,但较高的微生物菌剂施用量会增加土壤pH值,造成土壤盐碱化,建议微生物菌剂施用水平为1～5 g/kg。研究成果有利于深入理解微生物膜固沙保水机制,并可为沙化土地防治新技术研发提供重要理论依据和科技支撑。     

切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选机构设计

针对切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选环节果杂分离不清、损失率高、缠膜挂秧、筛面堵塞等难题,该文设计了一种风筛组合、无阻滞、大小杂并除的清选机构,其主要由上层筛(杆筛)、下层筛(多阶弹性筛和后筛)、抖草轮、偏心套、风机等组成。该文运用动态静力学方法研究了筛面物料的相对运动,分析了物料相对筛面上滑、下滑、从筛面跃起的极限条件,确定了振动筛主要运动参数的理论值域;运用达朗伯原理开展了交变载荷下筛体的受力分析,确定了筛体关键结构参数。该文对影响清选作业质量主要因素开展了试验研究,试验结果表明:影响清选机构综合作业质量的主次作用因素为主风机转速、振动筛振幅、振动频率,较优参数组合为主风机转速2 100 r/min、振动筛振幅12.5 mm、振动频率9Hz,此时清选损失率5.03%、荚果含杂率5.39%;清选机构作业顺畅性较好,较少出现缠膜挂秧、筛面堵塞现象。研究结论可为切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选机构的设计提供理论参考。     

基于VG-PENG收缩特征曲线与收缩各向异性的裂隙率估算模型

为量化农田裂隙发育程度,考虑脱湿过程中土壤孔隙在基质域、沉降域和裂隙域间转化,该研究提出基于土壤收缩特征和收缩各向异性的裂隙体积比率(裂隙率)关于含水率的预测模型。该模型包括3个子模型:改进VG型式的基质域收缩特征VG-PENG模型,描述收缩各向异性的几何因子Logistic模型,基于上述VG-PENG收缩特征模型和几何因子模型的裂隙率预测模型。通过土壤收缩试验和裂隙演化监测试验,采用图像处理技术提取裂隙数据,评价了该模型的优度及适用性。结果表明,VG-PENG收缩模型具有较好的连续性和明确的物理意义,可精确描述土壤收缩特征(R~20.98);该研究引入Logistic曲线描述土壤收缩几何因子,揭示了收缩过程中土壤横向开裂和纵向沉降的各向异性机理,提出了脱湿初期纵向沉降(几何因子趋近1)、中期主沉降-副开裂(几何因子处于1～3之间)、后期趋于稳定3个阶段,Logistic模型可精确描述收缩几何因子随含水率变化;基于VG-PENG收缩模型和Logistic几何因子模型,构建了裂隙率关于含水率的演化模型,该模型呈"S"型曲线,取决于土壤收缩属性及其各向异性特征,裂隙率模拟值和实测值吻合较好,呈显著水平(R~20.90,P0.001)。该研究裂隙率预测模型修正了土壤收缩各向异性在裂隙率估算中造成的误差,并突破性地将VG-PENG收缩特征曲线进一步推演并应用于裂隙率模拟,可方便、快捷地通过土壤收缩数据预测农田裂隙率随含水率演化规律,为膨缩土裂隙流研究提供理论依据和参数基础。