Relationship Between Motility and Mitochondrial Functional Status in Canine Spermatozoa

Inner mitochondrial membrane potential (IMM) is considered a sensitive indicator for the energetic status and motility of spermatozoa. The relationship between sperm motility parameters evaluated by Computer Assisted Sperm motility Analyzer and plasma membrane integrity and IMM assessed by triple staining (PI/SYBR-14 and JC-1) was evaluated in 10 dogs of unknown fertility. Sperm motility showed large variations ranging from 10% to 98%. Proportion of viable sperm cells and of spermatozoa with high IMM ranged from 74% to 99% and from 53% to 87%, respectively. The presence of a high IMM assessed by JC-1 was more strongly correlated to sperm viability ( r  = 1) than to sperm motility ( r  = 0.778). Our results indicate that JC-1 is suitable for detection of IMM changes in canine spermatozoa, but it should always be associated with an objective motility analysis to avoid incorrect evaluation of potential sperm fertility. Ejaculates with a low motility rate showed an unexpectedly high proportion of sperm with high IMM, suggesting that mitochondrial respiration could not be sufficient to support sperm motility, although it may be important for sperm survival in the female genital tract.     

Effect of hail nets on the microclimate,irrigation requirements,tree growth,and fruit yield of peach orchards in Catalonia (Spain)

Summary

Hail nets protect orchards from storm damage, but also offer potential water savings for fruit trees grown in arid areas. We investigated the effects of black nets on water use, growth, yield, and fruit quality in peach trees growing in Catalonia, Spain, over 2 years (2006 and 2007). Water savings were quantified by irrigating the netted trees to a similar midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) as the control trees. This method was only partially successful in 2006, with the netted trees being over-watered early in the season (i.e., higher Ψ_stem than the controls), and under-watered (i.e., lower Ψ_stem than the controls) later in the season. A combination of water stress and a hail net resulted in lower yields because of a smaller fruit size. Skin colour was more enhanced in control fruit. In 2007, Ψ_stem values were similar between treatments. Any difference in tree performance was therefore due to the hail net per se. Fruit size was similar between treatments, and the lower yields of netted trees were due to decreased fruit number. There were no treatment differences in fruit skin colour or flesh firmness. Soluble solids concentrations were higher in nonnetted fruit. In both years, water savings amounted to approx. 25%, if irrigation replaced the potential evapotranspiration that was measured. Hail nets are therefore recommended for their effects on water saving in arid areas, despite lower fruit yields.     

Role of Sperm Velocity Variables Associated with Poultry Breed in ‘Last Male Precedence’

It is well known that when a hen mates with multiple roosters, it is the sperm of the last male that usually fertilizes most of the eggs (‘last male precedence’). Sperm quality varies between males within a breed, but also between breeds, and thus, sperm competitiveness after mating may depend on the breeds of the roosters involved. The aim of the present work was to identify differences in sperm competitiveness between breeds, especially with respect to motility. A multibreed mating model was used. Blue Andaluza (BA) and Black Castellana (BC) hens left for 21 days with BA and BC roosters, respectively, were then left with Black‐barred Andaluza (Bb) roosters for another 21 days (experimental groups hBA‐rBC‐rBb and hBC‐rBA‐rBb). Bb roosters (as the second breed replacing the first) fertilized the majority of eggs in both the hBC‐rBA‐rBb and hBA‐rBC‐rBb groups. The percentage of offspring sired by BA roosters (8.0%) was higher (p < 0.05) than the percentage of chicks sired by BC roosters (2.1%). The fertility of the BC hens in the hBC‐rBA‐rBb group was higher (p < 0.01) than that of the BA hens in the hBA‐rBC‐rBb group. No difference in sperm concentration was seen between the breeds. Within the rapid sperm subpopulation (sperm velocity, >50 μm/s), Bb sperm showed a higher straight‐line velocity (VSL) and average path velocity (VAP) (p < 0.05) than BC sperm. The VSL and VAP values for Bb and BA sperm were similar. In conclusion, the present results show that the sperm of the BA breed, traditionally regarded as of moderate fertility, compensates for this drawback via sperm movement characteristics that afford it an advantage in competition scenarios involving males of other breeds. The VSL and VAP of the rapid sperm subpopulation may play the most important role in securing last male precedence.     

Modulation of Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Influences Porcine Oocyte In Vitro Maturation

Glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activities were modulated in porcine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) during in vitro maturation (IVM) by the addition of inhibitors or stimulators of key enzymes of the pathways to elucidate their relative participation in oocyte maturation. The activities of glycolysis and PPP were evaluated by lactate production per COC and by the brilliant cresyl blue test, respectively. Glucose uptake per COC and the oocyte maturation rate were also evaluated. Lactate production, glucose uptake and the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II decreased in a dose‐dependent manner in the presence of the pharmacological (NaF) or the physiological (ATP) inhibitors of glycolysis (p < 0.05). The addition of the physiological stimulator of glycolysis (AMP) caused no effect on lactate production, glucose uptake or the meiotic maturation rate. The pharmacological (6‐AN) and the physiological (NADPH) inhibitors of PPP induced a dose‐dependent decrease in the percentage of oocytes with high PPP activity and in the nuclear maturation rate (p < 0.05). The physiological stimulator of PPP (NADP) caused no effect on the percentage of oocytes with high PPP activity. The glycolytic and PPP activities of porcine COCs and maturational competence of oocytes seem to be closely related events. This study shows for the first time the regulatory effect of ATP and NADPH as physiological inhibitors of glycolysis and PPP in porcine COCs, respectively. Besides, these pathways seem to reach their maximum activities in porcine COCs during IVM because no further increases were achieved by the presence of AMP or NADP.     

Antagonistic effect of soil rhizosphere microorganisms on Bipolaris sorokiniana,the causal agent of wheat seedling blight

The biocontrol efficiency of Epicoccum purpurascens, Gliocladium roseum, three strains of Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat plants, was assessed in relation to seedling blight caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. An in vitro study of the potential antagonist was performed using the dual culture technique and by ‘sowing’ wheat seeds pelleted with the saprophytes in plates with water agar?+?the pathogen. In vivo assays were carried out in the greenhouse and in the field with pelleted seeds sown in artificially infested soil. Both the number of living plants and the number of plants with necrosis on the leaves and the base of the stems and roots were assessed 15 days after sowing. Under greenhouse conditions, B. subtilis 3 and G. roseum reduced the level of infection of Buck Pucará and Trigomax 100 cultivars, respectively. In the field, biocontrol of the disease was not achieved.     

The use of irradiated embryos of Chrysomya bezziana for the detection of the Old World screw-worm fly

Irradiation of Chrysomya bezziana embryos 1 h before hatching with doses less than or equal to 7 kilorad (kr) had a significant effect on percentage egg hatch, weights and survival of larvae. Doses greater than or equal to 1 kr allowed larval development to the end of the 3rd instar stage in vitro, but prevented normal pupal development. Cattle with wounds infested with 1st instar larvae derived from irradiated embryos had 3rd instar larvae present after 3 d but these failed to pupate. Thus it would be feasible to use such larvae for wound infestation for the enhanced detection of screw-worm fly in areas where the release of fertile flies is undesirable.     

Prognostic factors for recovery from coxo-femoral dislocation in cattle

Details were recorded of 47 cases of coxo-femoral dislocation observed in cattle over 1 year. Treatment was successful in 20/47 (42.6%) cases using a method of closed reduction. Factors that most strongly influenced the prognosis were identified. The most useful single prognostic factor was whether the cow was able to stand before reduction. Other factors that also had a strong positive influence on the prognosis were: age less than 3y, bodyweight less than 400kg and duration of dislocation less than 12h. Nineteen unsuccessful cases were examined at the knackery. Four were found to have a fracture of the proximal femur. The coxo-femoral joint was carefully dissected in the other 15 cases and there was no evidence of hip dysplasia. A seasonal incidence of dislocations, which coincides with the calving and mating periods, was demonstrated during the survey and from practice records for the previous 3 years.     

Assortative mating and directional or stabilizing selection for a non-linear function of traits in Tribolium

SUMMARY: Assortative or random mating following selection in either direction on a non-linear index (experiment 1) or stabilizing selection for pupal length (experiment 2) were carried out for five generations in two lines of Tribolium castaneum (A and R, respectively), with three replicates each. The selected proportion was 25% in all lines. In experiment 1, the selection criterion was designed to increase the aggregate value of adult weight and the first- and second-order powers of pupal length. The A and R lines gave significant responses for the aggregate value (184 ± 6 and 161 ± 14, respectively), pupal length (0.74 ± 0.02 and 0.64 ± 0.05, respectively), and adult weight (0.79 ± 0.03 and 0.78 ± 0.12, respectively). Although the A line was not significantly better than the R line, there was a consistent advantage for assortative mating over random mating, the mean response for aggregate value and pupal length being approximately 1.15 times greater for the A line. In experiment 2 the selection criterion was the square of the deviation from the mean pupal length (stabilizing selection); both lines did not show any change for pupal length. The phenotypic variance showed a significant decrease in the A and R lines, due to a decrease in between-family variance. The assortatively and randomly mated lines were similar for these changes in phenotypic variation. RESUMEN: Aparemiento clasificado y selección direccional o estabilizante para una función no lineal en Tribolium. Dos líneas de Tribolium castaneum fueron seleccionadas direccionalmente para un índice no lineal (experimento 1) o estabilizantemente para longitud de pupa (experimento 2), apareando los animales seleccionados clasificadamente (A) o aleatoriamente (R). Había tres repeticiones por experimento y línea, siendo la proporción de selección el 25%. En el experimento 1, el objetivo de selección incluía el peso adulto así como la longitud de pupa y su cuadrado. Ambas líneas dieron respuesta significativa para el valor agregado y sus dos caracteres componentes. Había una ventaja consistente aunque no significativa para el apareamiento clasificado, siendo la respuesta media para valor agregado y longitud de pupa 1.15 veces mayor en la línea A. En el experimento 2, el criterio de selección era el cuadrado de la desviación con respecto a la media de longitud de pupa (selección estabilizante); ambas líneas no mostraron ningún cambio significativo en longitud de pupa. La varianza fenotípica tuvo una disminución significativa debida a una reducción de la varianza genética, siendo estos cambios similares en ambas líneas. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Assortative Paarung, gerichtete oder stabilisierende Selektion für nicht-lineare Funktion von Merkmalen in Triboleum Assortative oder Zufallspaarung nach gerichteter Selektion in beiden Richtungen für nicht-lineare Merkmale (Versuch 1) oder stabilisierende für Puppenl?nge (Versuch 2) wurden über 5 Generationen bei Triboleum castaneum (A bzw. R), mit je 3 Wiederholungen und 25% Remonte, durchgeführt. In Versuch 1 sollten adultes Gewicht und 1. und 2. Potenz der Puppenl?nge gesteigert werden. A und R Linien ergaben signifikante Selektionserfolge für Gesamtwert (184 ± 6 bezw. 161 ± 14), Puppenl?nge (0,74 ± 02, 0.64 ± 05) und adultes Gewicht (0.74 ± 03 und 0.78 ± 0.12). Obwohl Linie A nicht statistisch signifikant überlegen war, zeigte sich durchgehend überlegenheit gegenüber R Linien, im Durchschnitt 1,15 mal. In Versuch 2 zeigte keine der beiden Linien Ver?nderungen der Puppenl?nge, aber die Varianz nahm signifikant ab wegen Verminderung der Varianz zwischen Familien, deren Abnahme in der zufalls- und in der assortativ gepaarten Linie gleich gro? war. RéSUMé: Accouplement classé et sélection directionelle o stabilisant pour une fonction no lineal chez Tribolium Deux lingnées de Tribolium castaneum on été soumis a sélection directionelle par un index no lineal (Expérience 1) o stabilisant pour la longeur de la pupae (Expérience 2), avec accouplement des animaux sélectiones de fa?on classé (A) ou aléatoire (R). Le travail compris 3 répétitions pour chacune des expériences et lignée, avec une presion de sélection du 25%. Dans l'expérience 1 l'objetive de sélection était composé pour le poids adult, la longeur de la pupae et sa carrée. On a obten? une réponse significative chez les deux lignées por l'agregé et aussi pour les deux caractéres. On a obten? une superiorité no significative mais consistant de l'accouplement classé, étant la réponse moyenne pour l'agregé et la longeur de la pupae 1.15 fois plus grand chez la lignée A. Pour l'experience 2 le critére de selection etait le carrée de la deviation a la moyenne de la longeur de la pupae (sélection stabilisant); aucune des lignees montrait changes significatives pour la longeur de la pupae. La variation phénotypique montre une réduction significative ` cause de la réduction du variation génétique, avec changes similaires chez les deux lignees.     

Experimental study of the relative efficiency of nonlinear and restricted selection indices for ratios including quadratic and cubic terms

SUMMARY: A nonlinear selection index (NL) method was compared with restricted linear index (RI) using two experiments of upward selection for the weight/(lenght)(n) ratio in Tribolium castaneum. The first experiment was designed to increase pupal weight/(pupal length)(2) , while the second experiment was intended to improve larval weight/(larval length)(3) . Larval and pupal traits were measured at 14 and 21 days after adult emergence, respectively. There were four generations of selection in each of three replicates, the proportion selected being 20 %. The selection criterion in the NL lines was (m(1) + ?(1) )/(m(2) + ?(2) )(n) , where m(1) and m(2) are the population means for the numerator and denominator traits, ?(1) and ?(2) are the estimated additive genetic values, and n is 2 (experiment 1) or 3 (experiment 2). The restricted linear index used as the selection criterion in the RI lines was calculated to increase the numerator trait and hold the denominator constant. Responses observed for the ratios differed significantly between lines (P < .05) in both experiments, the NL lines having the greatest responses. In experiment 1, the observed response for increasing the numerator was significant in the NL line, while the observed responses were positive and significant for both traits in the RI line; lines differed significantly pupal length (P < .01). The response obtained for the ratio in experiment 2 was due to decreases in both component traits. Results of these experiments showed that the nonlinear selection indices increased ratios that included quadratic and cubic terms in the denominator. Restricted linear indices holding the denominator constant were a less efficient alternative. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Experimentelle Studie über die relative Wirksamkeit nicht-linearer und beschr?nkter Selektionsindexe für Quotienten mit quadratischen und kubischen Gr??en Ein nicht-linearer Selektionsindex (NL) wurde mit einem linearen Index mit Restriktion (RI) bei Tribolium mittels eines Selektionexperiments zugunsten des Quotienten Gewicht/(L?nge)(n) verglichen. Das erste Experiment zielte auf Erh?hung von Gewicht der Puppe/(L?nge der Puppe)(2) , w?hrend das zweite Experiment der Verbesserung von Gewicht der Larve/(L?nge der Larve)(3) diente. Merkmale von Larve una Puppe wurden jeweils nach 14 und 21 Tagen gemessen in drei Wiederholungen und vier Selektionsgenerationen mit je 20% Selektion. Das Auswahlkriterium der Linien NL war (m(1) + ?(1) )/(m(2) + ?(2) )(n) , wobei m(1) und m(2) den Durchschnitt für Z?hler- und Nennercharakteristika darstellen, ?(1) und ?(2) die angenommenen Werte sind und n 2 (Experiment 1) oder 3 (Experiment 2) ist. Der bei den Linien RI als Selektionskriterium verwendete Beschr?nkungsindex wurde zur Erh?hung des Z?hlers und zur Konstanthaltung des Nenners angenommen. Die Ergebnisse für den Quotienten waren bei beiden Experimenten zwischen Linien (P < .05) signifikant unterschiedlich, wobei die Reaktion der NL-Linien gr??er war. Beim Experiment 1 war die Reaktion der Linie NL im Z?hler signifikant, w?hrend sie bei der Linie RI für beide Charakteristika positiv und signifikant war, die Linien waren signifikant verschieden hinsichtlich L?nge der Puppe (P < .01). Das beim Experiment 2 erzielte Ergebnis für den Quotienten ergab sich aufgrund der Abnahme der beiden charakteristischen Komponenten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Experimente zeigten, da? die nicht-linearen Indexe die Quotienten erh?hten, welche im Nenner quadratische oder kubische Termini beinhalteten. Die linearen Indexe mit Restriktion für den Nenner des Quotienten stellten eine weniger wirksame Alternative dar. RESUMEN: Estudio experimental de la eficiencia relativa de indices de selección no lineales y con restricción para cocientes que incluyen cuadrados y cubos Un índice no lineal de selección (NL) fue comparado con un índice lineal con restricción (RI) en Tribolium, usando dos experimentos de selección a favor del cociente peso/(longitud)(n) . El primer experimento fue dise?ado para incrementar peso de pupa/(longitud de pupa)(2) , mientras que el segundo experimento trataba de mejorar peso de larva/(longitud de larva)(3) . Los caracteres de larva y de pupa se midieron a los 14 y a los 21 días respectivamente. Había cuatro generaciones de selección en cada una de tres repeticiones, siendo la proporción seleccionada el 20 %. El criterio de selección en las líneas NL fue (m(1) +?(1) /(m(2) +?(2) )(n) , donde m(1) y m(2) son las medias para los caracteres numerador y denominador, ?(1) y ?(2) son los valores aditivos estimados, y n es 2 (experimento 1) o 3 (experimento 2). El índice con restricción usado como criterio de selección en las líneas RI fue calculado para incrementar el numerador y mantener constante el denominador. Las respuestas observadas para el cociente diferían significativamente entre líneas (P < .05) en ambos experimentos, teniendo mayor respuesta las líneas NL. En el experimento 1, la respuesta observada en el numerador fue significativa en la línea NL, mientras que fue positiva y significativa para ambos caracteres en la línea RI; las líneas diferían significativamente para longitud de pupa (P < .01). La respuesta obtenida para el cociente en el experimento 2 fue debida a la disminución de ambos caracteres componentes. Los resultados de estos experimentos mostraban que los indices no lineales incrementaban cocientes que incluían en el denominador términos cuadráticos o cúbicos. Los índices lineales con restricción para el denominador del cociente eran una alternativa menos eficiente. RéSUMé: Etude expérimentale de l'efficacité relative des indices de sélection non linéares y avec restriction pour des quotients qui comportent des carrés et des cubes Nous avons comparé un index non linéaire de sélection (NL) avec un index linéaire avec restriction (RI) à Tribolium, on utilisant deux expériences de sélection en faveur du quotient poids/(Longueur)(n) . La première expérience fut con?ue pour augmenter le poids de la pupe/(Longueur de pupe)(2) , tandis que la deuxième expérience essayait d'améliorer le poids de la larve/(Longueur de larve)(3) . Les caractères de larve et de pupe furent mesurés au bout de 14 et de 21 jours respectivement. Il y avait quatre générations de sélection dans chacune des trois répétitions et la proportion choisie fut celle de 20 %. On prit (m(1) + ?(1) )/(m(2) + ?(2) )(n) come critére de sélection dans les lignes NL, m(1) et m(2) étant les moyennes pour les caractères numérateur et dénominateur, ?(1) et ?(2) les valeurs additives estimées et n étant 2 (expérience 1) ou 3 (expérience 2). Le index avec restriction employé comme critère de sélection dans les lignes RI a été calculé pour augmenter le numérateur et maintenir le dénominateur constant. Les réponses obtenues pour le quotient étaient significativement différentes entre les lignes (P < .05) dans les deux expériences, la réponse plus grande étant celle de la ligne NL. Dans l'expérience 1, la réponse observée dans le numérateur f?t significative dans la ligne NL, tandis qu'elle fut positive et significative pour les deux caracteres dans la ligne RI; les lignes étaient significativemcnt différentes pour la longueur de pupe (P < .01). La réponse obtenue pour le quotient dans l'expérience 2 a été due à la diminution des deux caractères composants. Les résultats de ces expériences ont montré que les indices non linéares augmentaient les quotients qui incluaient dans le dénominateur des termes quadratiques ou cubiques. Les indiceslinéaires avec restriction pour le dénominateur du quotient ont été une alternative moins efficace.