玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯乳液制备及其稳定性研究

为了探索适宜的玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯(ZDP)乳液制备工艺,通过高压均质方法,采用2种天然乳化剂:大豆卵磷脂(SL)和乳清分离蛋白(WPI)和4种合成乳化剂:十聚甘油单油酸酯(PGE18)、十聚甘油单月桂酸酯(PGE12)、蔗糖酯(SE15)和吐温80(T80),以及2种不同油相:大豆油(SO)和中链甘油三酯(MCT),分别制备了ZDP乳液,研究了不同乳化剂种类和质量分数以及油相种类对ZDP乳液性质和稳定性的影响。同时,在最佳乳化剂条件下,研究了ZDP添加量对乳液性质的影响。研究结果表明:天然乳化剂乳化制备所得ZDP乳液平均粒径大,且稳定性一般。小分子合成乳化剂制得的ZDP乳液平均粒径小,但稳定性差异大。其中,PGE18为乳化剂时制备的乳液各项指标较好,且在质量分数为0.8%时乳化效果最好。MCT为油相较SO为油相制备所得乳液稳定性好。因此,选择质量分数为0.8%的PGE18为乳化剂,MCT为油相,高压均质可以制得粒径小于200 nm的ZDP乳液,且在4℃下贮藏28 d仍可保留约90%的ZDP。ZDP添加量变化在4~32 nmol/g时对ZDP乳液的粒径和电位无显著影响。     

An investigation of the causes of parturient calf mortality in Shorthorn heifers

A study of parturient calf mortality in a herd of 250 Shorthorn cattle on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales is reported. Death rates as high as 44% from heifer groups are described. There were 30 parturient deaths of which 27 were confirmed as due to maternal dystocia. Pathological changes in many of the dystocia-caused deaths were minimal, but a congested, swollen tongue was a definitive lesion. The death rate was not significantly higher in heifers mated at 14 to 16 months of age than in those mated at 20 to 22 months, but significantly more male than female calves died from maternal dystocia. As two dead calves were affected with goitre, a comparative trial using parenteral iodine was designed. Ratios of thyroid weight to calf body weight were examined for 24 of the calves where the mean was 0.52 gm/kg. Goitre was found not to be a contributing factor to the calving mortality problem. The use of a Jersey bull for heifer matings eliminated the dystocia problem. The Jersey cross allowed safe, early mating at 14 months of age.     

Pet‐associated Campylobacteriosis: A persisting public health concern

Campylobacter is regarded as a leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States. We report on a case of laboratory‐confirmed Campylobacter jejuni infection in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania among members of a household living with a laboratory‐confirmed but non‐speciated Campylobacter‐infected puppy. We describe an outbreak of likely dog‐associated campylobacteriosis, the risk factors, potential routes of exposure and the clinical features in the exposed family members, which began shortly after exposure to the recently purchased dog. We also provide public health recommendations to prevent Campylobacter infections in veterinary care providers, pet owners and those planning to adopt pets in the future. Finally, this report underscores the importance of the One Health approach when public health responders, human and animal healthcare providers and clinical diagnostic laboratories are tasked with developing effective strategies when investigating, detecting and responding to zoonoses (diseases shared between animals and humans).     

Human Brucella canis Infection and Subsequent Laboratory Exposures Associated with a Puppy,New York City, 2012

Human Brucella canis infection incidence is unknown. Most identified cases are associated with pet dogs. Laboratory‐acquired infections can occur following contact with Brucella spp. We identified a paediatric B. canis case, the source and other exposed persons. A 3‐year‐old New York City child with fever and dyspnoea was hospitalized for 48 h for bronchiolitis. After her admission, blood culture grew B. canis, she was prescribed anti‐microbials and recovered. B. canis was also isolated from blood of the child's pet dog; these isolates were genetically similar. The dog originated from an Iowa breeding facility which was quarantined after identification of the dog's infection. Additionally, 31 laboratory workers were exposed and subsequently monitored for symptoms; 15 completed post‐exposure prophylaxis. To our knowledge, this is the first report strongly suggesting B. canis zoonotic transmission to a child in the United States, and highlights the need for coordinated control policies to minimize human illness.     

我国木皮产业发展渐趋成熟

近年来,以往不被木材加工行业和广大消费者群体接受和认可的数以百计的木制品之中的小产品——木皮,越来越受到生产和加工木材制品的企业欢迎与青睐,而且逐渐在市场上经受住了考验与洗礼。从我国东南沿海及许多大中型城市的木材制品的销售情况来看,凡是使用了木皮作为贴面的产品,都要受到市场的热捧,尤其是天然木皮产品更是待遇有加。正因为拥有了广大消费者也就是消费市场的“准入证”和“通行证”,     

Evidence of Powassan/deer tick virus in adult black‐legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) recovered from hunter‐harvested white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Pennsylvania: A public health perspective

Studies reporting tick infection rates for Powassan virus (POWV), an emerging zoonotic arthropod‐borne pathogen responsible for POWV disease in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, are limited. To determine the presence and ascertain a statewide prevalence of POWV, ticks were collected from 9,912 hunter‐harvested white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) heads presented to six regional Pennsylvania Game Commission Chronic Wasting Disease sampling stations in early December of 2013, 2014 and 2015. Of the 2,973 ticks recovered, 1,990 (66.9%) were identified as adult Ixodes scapularis (black‐legged tick). The 1,990 I. scapularis ticks were PCR‐tested for the presence of POWV. The ticks had a statewide Powassan/deer tick virus infection rate of 0.05%, providing evidence of this pathogen in Pennsylvania's adult I. scapularis ticks and supporting the need for more comprehensive pathogen prevalence assessment strategies, as well as increased public health awareness for this emerging zoonotic arthropod‐borne pathogen of public health concern.     

深松对覆膜滴灌棉田根腐病害发生及根区环境的影响

【目的】 研究深松结合覆膜滴灌对绿洲棉田根区土环境与根腐病发生的影响。【方法】 在新疆阿克苏地区阿瓦提县设置深松30、40和50 cm(S₃₀、S₄₀和S₅₀)3种深松模式,以传统翻耕为对照(CK),研究深松对根腐病发病指数、土壤含水率、根系形态、根系活力及产量构成等影响。【结果】 与传统耕作相比,深松可有效降低耕层土壤容重,增加土壤储水能力,增加土壤扩库增容效果,病情指数的降低与土壤容重下降、土壤含水率的增加和根系活力增加具有显著的相关性。其中深松降低生育期根腐病发病指数7.0%～26.0%,以S₄₀处理效果最佳,发病指数较传统耕作相比降低26.0%。随着深松深度的增加土壤容重依次下降,与对照相比降低2.4%～10%。深松深度与根系主要形态指标与活力具有线性相关性,与传统耕作相比根系长度增加4%～34.6%,根系表面积增加13.1%～44.8%,根系体积增加9.2%～40.6%,根系活力增加7%～42.9%。根区环境的改善促进产量增加,S₄₀处理皮棉产量分别较CK、S₃₀、S₅₀增加了22.2%、15.7%和2.5%。【结论】 在新疆南疆棉区采用深松结合覆膜滴灌措施具有良好的蓄水保墒和防病增产效果,对棉花生长有利,深松40 cm处理可作为较为理想的根腐病农艺防治措施在生产中推广应用。     

Long-term development of fish populations in the Římov Reservoir

Abstract  The inshore fish community of the Římov Reservoir in the Czech Republic was evaluated over 21 years using shore seining at night. The development of the fish community was divided into two separate phases: a highly dynamic and unstable phase dominated by perch, Perca fluviatilis L., was replaced by an extremely stable cyprinid phase dominated by roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and bream, Abramis brama (L.). The abundance of both these species oscillated during the cyprinid phase, but with decreasing amplitude. The proportion of piscivorous fish species such as asp, Aspius aspius (L.), pike, Esox lucius L., and pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.), increased slightly with time but remained low. The biomass of large Cladocera was negatively correlated with fish biomass only during the perch phase. The Shannon–Weaver index of diversity increased during the fish community succession, mainly because of greater evenness amongst the species.