H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/Guangxi/1/2005株抗药机制的研究

为研究H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的抗药机制,本研究选取Clade2.3.4亚群中一株对金刚烷胺敏感的人源AIV A/Guangxi/1/2005(H5N1)(S-GX05),用抗流感病毒药物金刚烷胺对其进行定向诱导,筛选出一株抗药性病毒株,命名为R-A/Guangxi/1/2005(R-GX05)。通过全基因测序并与S-GX05全基因序列进行对比,结果显示S-GX05只在其M2蛋白中有一个氨基酸位点发生突变,即A30P;抗药性鉴定这两株病毒的半数药物抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.9μM和48.9μM,表明R-GX05对金刚烷胺表现出一定程度的抗性。动物实验证实,这两株病毒对BALB/c小鼠的致病性基本一致,均表现出高致病性,其MLD50分别为4.7 log10 EID50和5.0 log10 EID50,两株病毒在小鼠体内各组织脏器中的分布及增殖能力也基本相同。这些结果表明,S-GX05在药物压力下产生抗药性后,并未引起其它生物学特性的改变。A30P的发现为进一步从分子水平上研究H5N1亚型AIV的抗药机制及新型抗流感新药的研发奠定了基础。     

地表火干扰下呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松林乔木层不同组分空间格局的变化

火是天然樟子松重要的生态因子,地表火对樟子松林乔木层空间格局的变化有着特殊的意义。全林木定位法调查记录了地表火干扰1年后1hm2典型样地中存活及火烧死乔木的位置坐标,利用成对相关函数g(r)进行空间点格局分析。结果表明:1)单变量空间格局分析显示,空间异质性泊松点过程零假设下,地表火干扰前所有立木、樟子松和白桦均在小尺度上呈显著性聚集分布;而地表火干扰后,樟子松林分及其乔木层不同组分的空间格局更加趋向于均匀分布,只有白桦在小尺度上仍表现为显著性聚集分布,所有立木和樟子松主要以随机分布为主。乔木层及其不同组分的随机标识零假设均不成立,火后存活的所有立木在小尺度上为均匀分布,而较大尺度上却呈现出聚集分布;火后存活的樟子松在小尺度上表现为聚集分布,而较大尺度上却呈现均匀分布;火后存活的白桦主要表现为小尺度上的聚集分布。2)双变量空间格局分析表明,所有立木、樟子松和白桦的存活立木与火烧死木之间均是相互独立的,其相互间的空间格局表现为随机分布。地表火烧死木(包括所有立木、樟子松和白桦)均在小尺度上表现为显著的正相关呈聚集分布,而较大尺度上不同程度地表现为显著的负相关为均匀分布。因此,地表火干扰下,林木的死亡过程并不是随机的,存活林木的空间格局趋于均匀分布,地表火驱动下的樟子松林自然稀疏过程削弱了存活个体间的竞争,促进了林分结构的优化和个体的生长发育,成为樟子松林演替中较活跃的生态因子。     

Nasal vascular hamartoma in a Domestic Shorthair cat

A nasal mass in a Domestic Shorthair cat was causing facial deformity, sneezing and intermittent epistaxis. Biopsy samples obtained previously had been non-diagnostic. Computed tomography images revealed an irregular, contrast-enhancing mass occupying a large portion of the righthand side of the nasal cavity. Previously described criteria for malignancy were not present. A ventral surgical approach combined with temporary, ipsilateral, common carotid arterial occlusion provided excellent access for debulking the lesion and collecting samples for histopathology. A nasal vascular hamartoma was diagnosed and clinical signs resolved postoperatively. This is the first documentation of this abnormality in the cat. Hamartomatous abnormalities should be included on the list of differential diagnoses for feline nasal mass lesions. The prognosis for hamartomatous lesions postoperatively is good, in keeping with their limited propensity for growth after maturity.     

燕山北部丘陵温热区适宜机械粒收玉米品种的筛选

为推动玉米籽粒直收技术在燕山北部丘陵温热区的推广,于2017—2018年在赤峰市对53个参试品种进行了67个品次的适宜机械粒收筛选测试。结果表明:玉米籽粒含水量随生育进程和收获时间的推迟总体呈下降趋势,收获时间从9月29日推迟到10月23日,平均籽粒含水量从24.58%下降到18.34%。籽粒破碎率、破损率和杂质率与籽粒含水量之间均呈极显著正相关,其中破损率和破碎率与籽粒含水量的关系最密切。按产量和籽粒含水量双向平均法作图分析,筛选出登海618、迪卡159、金科玉3308、利禾1和丰田101,可作为适宜机械粒收品种。     

The effect of rehabilitation of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) on antimicrobial resistance of commensal Escherichia coli

The aim of this study was to determine if antimicrobial drug use increases resistance of commensal gastrointensinal Escherichia coli of wild northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) treated in rehabilitation, and, if so, identify the risk factors involved. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of twelve antimicrobial drugs were determined for 289 E. coli isolates from 99 seals sampled at admission and 277 isolates obtained at release from rehabilitation using broth microdilution. Prevalence of E. coli antimicrobial resistance, MIC(50), MIC(90), and clustering of MIC values were determined for seals and the data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, ordinal logistic regression and negative binomial regression. At release from rehabilitation 77.8% of the seals had antimicrobial resistant E. coli compared to 38.4% of the seals at admission. The MIC(90) for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, and trimethoprim-saulfamethoxazole were at levels considered to be sensitive at admission but they increased to levels of resistance at release. E. coli were grouped into four clusters by their MIC values, with increasing levels of resistance going from Cluster 1 to 4. A primary risk factor associated with the probability of a seal having E. coli in Clusters 3 and 4 was time in rehabilitation, regardless of whether the animal received treatment with antimicrobial drugs, suggesting nosocomial infection. The results of this study provide evidence that increased levels of hygiene and appropriate use of antimicrobial therapy might be important in the rehabilitation of wild animals to prevent rise in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.     

Acid–Base Changes in Canine Neonates Following Normal Birth or Dystocia

There are limited data concerning blood gas parameters in neonatal dogs. Knowledge of the normal physiology may facilitate effective therapeutic intervention and potentially reduce neonatal mortality. This study examined acid–base parameters in pups born at normal parturition (n = 27) compared with those born after obstetrical assistance or caesarean operation (n = 13) and those born following oxytocin (OXY) administration for treatment of uterine inertia (n = 11). Pups were subjected to an objective scoring method of neonatal health adapted from use in humans (the Apgar score) at birth and again at 5 and 60 min after birth. Venous blood samples were collected at 5 and 60 min after birth for evaluation of blood gas parameters. At birth, all pups had low Apgar scores and a mixed acidosis. The base excess was lowest for pups delivered after OXY administration. The Apgar score improved for all pups after 5 min of birth and there was an improvement in carbon dioxide tension, base excess and venous blood pH at 1 h, although in all pups a metabolic acidosis persisted. These data provide an important insight into neonatal physiology and the variability of blood gas parameters in pups born at normal and abnormal parturition and provide the basis for clinical decision making following dystocia.     

Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Zinc Gluconate Associated with Dimethyl Sulphoxide for Sexually Mature Canine Males Chemical Neutering

The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of zinc gluconate associated with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for chemical neutering in canine males. Fifteen sexually mature male dogs were divided in two groups, named control and treated. An injection was administered to both testicles, at a concentration of 26.2 mg zinc gluconate per ml and 0.5% DMSO in the treated group (11 dogs). The control group was given injections of saline solution (four dogs). Clinical examination and blood collection for a haemogram were done both before and after drug injection. There were 12 spermograms performed to analyse sperm motility, sperm vigour, ejaculate volume, testicle size, pathology and sperm concentrations. Libido was also measured. An ultrasound examination and histopathology were performed at the end of the experiment. Dogs’ libido after chemical injection was reduced by over 50%. The spermogram analysis showed final mean results of 14.54% for sperm motility, 0.72 of sperm vigour and 37 150 per million spermatozoa per millilitre, values considered below the necessary levels at which fertilization can occur. Ultrasound and histopathology analyses of testicles for the treated group revealed more intense injuries when compared with the control group, with compromised testicular parenchyma and a decrease of germ cell number leading to total atrophy, indicating that the treatment reduced the fertilizing potential of male dogs, promoting a possible subfertile status.     

西藏玛旁雍错流域湖泊面积变化及成因分析

利用1975年地形图、1990年、1999-2009年TM卫星遥感影像和近35 a(1975-2009年)气温、降水、积雪日数、蒸发量等气候资料,分析研究了位于西藏阿里地区南部普兰县境内玛旁雍错、拉昂错湖泊面积变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明：在过去35 a里玛旁雍错、拉昂错面积先减少后增加,总体呈减小趋势,到2009年玛旁雍错面积为415.44 km²,拉昂错面积为261.36 km²。与1975年相比2个湖泊面积分别减少了1.56 km²和11.01 km²;受气候变暖的影响,流域附近的冰川面积也在加速退缩。对1975-2009年普兰县气象资料统计分析可知,降水量减少是导致湖泊面积缩小的主要原因,蒸发量不显著的增加及雪冰消融也是近几年湖泊面积波动变化的原因之一。