Biological Control of Sclerotinia Diseases of Rapeseed by Aerial Applications of the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans

Indoor and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under controlled conditions, a petal inoculation technique was used to determine the effect of conidial suspensions of C. minitans on suppression of sclerotinia leaf blight. Results showed that C. minitans was effective in inhibiting infection initiated by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on flower petals by restricting mycelial growth of the pathogen. Suppression of lesion development was related to the conidial concentration of C. minitans, with larger lesions at low concentration (5×10³conidia ml⁻¹), but smaller lesions at high concentration (5×10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹ or higher). When C. minitans-treated rapeseed leaves were inoculated with mycelia of S. sclerotiorum, C. minitans failed to prevent infection of leaves, but caused a significant reduction in number of sclerotia produced on the diseased leaves. No significant difference in efficacy was detected between the two isolates of C. minitans, LRC 2137 and Chy-1, on the two rapeseed cultivars, Westar (spring type) and Zhongyou 821 (winter type). Results of field trials showed a significant reduction of stem rot of rapeseed in four (1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004) out of five years by aerial application of C. minitans, compared with controls. No significant difference in suppressive efficacy was observed between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + benomyl (50 μg ml⁻¹) and benomyl (100 μg ml⁻¹) in 2003, and between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + vinclozolin (100 μg ml⁻¹) and vinclozolin (500 μg ml⁻¹) in 2004. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum collected from diseased plants in plots treated with C. minitans in 1999, 2000 and 2003, or with C. minitans + benomyl in 2003 were infected by C. minitans at frequencies ranging from 21.3 to 54.5%. This study concludes that aerial spraying of C. minitans is an effective method for controlling sclerotinia diseases of rapeseed.     

用模糊综合评判法预测马尾松毛虫幼虫高峰期发生量

为了提高马尾松毛虫一代、二代幼虫高峰期发生量预报的准确性,为有效防治马尾松毛虫提供科学依据,本文运用模糊综合评判的6个数学模型预测安徽省潜山县马尾松毛虫一代、二代幼虫高峰期的发生量,验证预报1989年、1994年、2002年和2017年一代马尾松毛虫幼虫高峰期发生量,预报结果分别为2级、4级、2级和1级,与实况级别完全吻合,预报结果准确。预报1989年、1994年、2002年和2017年二代马尾松毛虫幼虫高峰期发生量,预报结果依次是4级、5级、2级和1级。同样与实况级别全部相同。预报的准确率为100%,模糊综合评判法是一个运算简便、准确性高的预报方法。     

绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂复合保健饮料的生产工艺

以绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂为主要原料,配以柠檬酸、蜂蜜、蔗糖、稳定剂等辅料,经科学加工成有益于人体健康的保健饮料。就绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂复合保健饮料的生产工艺、配方和关键技术进行了研究。通过正交试验及方差分析确定出该饮品的最佳配方为D4B2E4C4A2,即澄清的绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂混合汁用量为35%,蔗糖8%,蜂蜜2.8%,柠檬酸钾0.2%,柠檬酸0.4%,水53.6%(上述百分比均为质量分数)。通过小试还确定出产品最适稳定剂配方为A2B1C2,即羧甲基纤维素钠0.20%,黄原胶0.01%,果胶0.15%,混合使用时稳定效果最好。此外还简述了绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂的营养和药用价值,为绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂复合保健饮料的研制、应用和进一步工业化生产提供了科学依据。     

Comparing surface erosion processes in four soils from the Loess Plateau under extreme rainfall events

This research aims to improve erosion control practice in the Loess Plateau, by studying the surface erosion processes, including splash, sheet/interrill and rill erosion in four contrasting soils under high rainfall intensity (120 mm h⁻¹) with three-scale indoor artificial experiments. Four contrasting soils as sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam and loamy clay were collected from different parts of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that sediment load was significantly impacted by soil properties in all three sub-processes. Splash rate (4.0–21.6 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in sandy loam from the north part of the Loess Plateau and showed a negative power relation with the mean weight diameter of aggregates after 20 min of rainfall duration. The average sediment load by sheet/interrill erosion (6.94–42.86 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in clay loam from middle part of the Loess Plateau, and the stable sediment load after 20 min showed a positive power relation with the silt content in soil. The average sediment load increased dramatically by rill and interrill erosion (21.03–432.16 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹), which was highest in loamy clay from south part of the Loess Plateau. The average sediment load after the occurrence of rill showed a positive power relation with clay content and a negative power relation with soil organic matter content. The impacts of slope gradient on the runoff rate and sediment load also changed with soil properties. The critical factors varied for different processes, which were the aggregate size for splash erosion, the content of silt particles and slope gradient for sheet/interrill erosion, and the content of clay particles, soil organic matter and slope gradient for rill erosion. Based on the results of the experiments, specific erosion control practices were proposed by targeting certain erosion processes in areas with different soil texture and different distribution of slope gradient. The findings from this study should support the improvement of erosion prediction and cropland management in different regions of the Loess Plateau.     

脐橙糖度光谱图像检测技术研究

对采集到的不同波长的光谱图像灰度分布进行洛伦茨分布(LD)、高斯分布(GD)、指数分布(ED)函数拟合,通过比较发现洛伦茨分布为最优灰度分布拟合函数.将脐橙的糖度与洛伦茨分布函数拟合所得参数分别进行多元线性回归,建立最佳单波长、最佳双波长组合、最佳三波长组合和最佳四波长组合的校正方程.结果表明:利用光谱图像技术无损检测脐橙糖度是可行性的.     

出口禽肉现状及其对策

１出口禽肉的现状１．１禽肉出口量逐年下降 ,以上海口岸为例 ,１９９７年、１９９８年出口量分别为４．４４万吨、３．８８万吨 ,较上年分别减少１９．５２%和１２．６７%。这主要是出口渠道单一 ,大量集中在日本。亚洲金融危机不仅造成日本市场萧条、需求减少 ,而且由于泰国货币贬值形成了价格竞争优势 ,致使我国禽肉产品没有了原先价格优势。同时１９９８年初 ,香港禽流感事件和欧盟至今未解除进口我国禽肉产品的禁令 ,都对我国禽肉出口造成影响。１．２当前国外对禽肉产品的要求日趋严格 ,要出口必须先行注册。只有获得国外卫生当局批准…     

牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病病毒噬菌体单链抗体库的构建和筛选

为筛选牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病病毒（Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV）gP48蛋白的单链抗体,本研究利用噬菌体展示技术构建了gP48蛋白单链抗体克隆文库,通过微孔筛选法对抗体库进行3轮富集淘筛,利用ELISA技术测定单链抗体的亲和力,对亲和力较高的克隆进行基因测序分析和结合活性测定,旨在获得gP48蛋白的单链抗体。结果表明：1）成功构建了库容量为4.3×107的噬菌体单链抗体库,其重组率为83.3%,经三轮筛选对噬菌体抗体库进行富集,富集倍数为1.43×104;2）优化了间接ELISA方法,筛选到3株与BVDV gP48蛋白具有高亲和力的单链抗体以及其基因序列,通过IgBLAST分析显示,3株单链抗体均为鼠源IgG。综上,从gP48蛋白的单链抗体库中筛选获得3个具有高亲和力的单链抗体,可用于后续BVDV检测方法的建立。     

蓝舌病16型病毒核心样颗粒的获取与鉴定

为了制备一种新型基因工程疫苗BTV-16 VLP疫苗,将蓝舌病病毒16型VP3与VP7基因片段插入杆状病毒双表达载体pFastBac Dual质粒中,通过转染Sf9细胞,同时表达VP3与VP7蛋白。经负染后电镜观察到有与蓝舌病病毒形态相似的核心样颗粒,表明蓝舌病VP3与VP7蛋白能自主组装形成核心样颗粒,并通过Western Blot试验验证该核心样颗粒与蓝舌病病毒具有相同的抗原性。因此本研究成功构建出16型蓝舌病病毒核心样颗粒,为病毒样颗粒装配打下了基础,为制备16血清型BTV VLP疫苗做好前期准备。     

猴源环孢子虫巢式PCR检测方法的建立

环孢子虫是一类可引起人和动物腹泻的重要寄生性原虫。为建立猴源环孢子虫的巢式PCR检测方法,根据该环孢子虫18S rDNA基因序列,设计一对保守引物N18SA/N18SS和一对特异性引物CYJS/CYJA,通过阳性质粒摸索该检测方法的最佳反应条件,进行特异性和敏感性试验,并应用该方法对87份猴粪样本进行了临床检测。结果显示该巢式PCR能特异性地扩增出猴源环孢子虫目的片段,与微小隐孢子虫、阿米巴原虫等8种DNA无交叉反应,最低能检测0.2 fg的阳性质粒DNA,对临床样本的检出率比传统方法(饱和蔗糖漂浮法和改良抗酸染色法)提高2.3%~3.4%。可见,该巢式PCR方法具有较高的特异性和敏感性,对于环孢子虫病的诊断和分子流行病学调查具有重要的应用价值。     

实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测禽白血病病毒J亚群

将禽白血病病毒J亚群(ALV-J)NX0101毒株接种1日龄和7日龄SPF雏鸡并设阴性对照组,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,定期检测病毒在体内的复制情况。根据GenBank发表的ALV-Jenv基因保守序列(AY897227)设计1对特异性引物扩增目的基因;根据鸡的3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因序列(K01458),在保守区内设计1对引物扩增内参照基因,分别克隆入质粒作为标准品制作标准曲线,采用SYBR GreenⅠ染料建立荧光定量PCR法,并对方法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评价。结果显示,标准曲线的Ct值与标准品浓度的对数值之间存在线性关系;最低每个反应可检测到60个拷贝的病毒数,比常规PCR灵敏度高1 000倍。检测结果分别采用绝对定量法和相对定量法进行分析,都达到了良好的效果。通过对病毒含量变化的检测发现,在雏鸡4周龄时,2个接毒组ALV-J病毒突然呈对数式增长。据此分析ALV-J病毒在体内经过3~4周潜伏后,突然呈暴发式增长,这种情况可能和临床表现的免疫抑制直接相关。结果表明,本试验建立了一种特异性强、敏感性高、可定量分析ALV-J病毒增殖的方法,为进一步相关研究奠定了基础。