Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis), seasonal abundance and distribution at Head of Bight,South Australia

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Activities of NADPH-dependent reductases and sorbitol dehydrogenase in canine and feline lenses

OBJECTIVE: To measure activities of NADPH-dependent reductases and sorbitol dehydrogenase in lenses from healthy dogs and cats. SAMPLE POPULATION: Lenses from 37 dogs and 23 cats. All animals were healthy and had serum glucose concentrations within reference limits. PROCEDURE: Lenses were homogenized, and activities of NADPH-dependent reductases and sorbitol dehydrogenase were measured spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: Activities of NADPH-dependent reductases and sorbitol dehydrogenase were significantly lower in lenses from cats than in lenses from dogs. However, the ratio of NADPH-dependent reductases activity-to-sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher in lenses from cats than in lenses from dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that during periods of hyperglycemia, sorbitol would accumulate at a faster rate in the lenses of cats than in the lenses of dogs. Thus, the higher incidence of diabetic cataracts in dogs, compared with cats, is likely not attributable to a difference in the ratio of NADPH-dependent reductases activity-to-sorbitol dehydrogenase activity.     

Phylogenetic analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus type O circulating in the Andean region of South America during 2002-2008

At present, Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) has been successfully controlled in most territories of South America, where only Ecuador and Venezuela remain as endemic countries. In this context, the precise characterization of circulating viruses is of utmost importance. This work describes the first molecular epidemiology study performed with the complete VP(1)-coding region of 114 field isolates of FMD virus (FMDV) type O, collected in the Andean countries mainly during 2002-2008. Sequences were aligned and compared to isolates responsible for emergencies in the Southern Cone of the continent between the years 2000 and 2006, and to other representative type O viruses worldwide. The results showed that FMD type O viruses isolated in South America and analyzed up to date are placed in 11 different lineages within the Euro SA topotype. Five of these lineages included viruses circulating in Ecuador and Venezuela during 2002-2008. The last emergencies reported in already-free areas in the Andean region, showed close relationships with viruses circulating in these endemic countries. Andean lineages showed a clear separation from the unique lineage containing viruses responsible for the emergencies in the Southern Cone, reflecting the different livestock circuits and providing evidence that support the ecosystem dynamics in the region. A wide geographical dissemination of the same strain in short time intervals has been observed, pointing to animal movements as the most significant risk parameter. This fact, together with an important generation of viral variants in areas under weak control strategies, reinforce the need of stronger official controls, as well as for establishing multinational cooperative measures in the border areas.     

Stimulation of acidic reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide by soybean phenolics: possible relevance to gastrointestinal host defense

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of soybean-promoted acidic nitrite reduction and to correlate this activity with the content of phenolics and with the bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Extracts of embrionary axes and cotyledons enriched in phenolics increased ?NO formation at acidic pH at values that were 7.1 and 4.5 times higher, respectively, when compared to the reduction of the nonenriched extracts. Among the various phenolics accumulated in the soybean extracts, five stimulated nitrite reduction in the following decreasing order of potency: epicatechin gallate, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, galic acid and p-coumaric acid. Extracts of embrionary axes presented higher contents of epicatechin gallate and caffeic acid, compared to that of cotyledons, indicating a positive correlation between activity of the extracts and content of phenolics with regard to nitrite reducing activity. Soybean extracts enriched in phenolics interacted synergistically with acidified nitrite to prevent E. coli O157:H7 growth. The results suggest that soybean phenolics may interfere with the metabolism of ?NO in an acidic environment by accelerating the reduction of nitrite, with a potential antimicrobial effect in the stomach.     

Effects of dietary protein content on renal parameters in normal cats

This study evaluates the effect of dietary protein content on renal parameters in 23 healthy spayed female cats. The objective was to determine if cats eating diets high in protein will have higher serum urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine values without a detectable change in kidney function, as assessed by urinalysis. A single random cross-over design was used. Cats were fed a standard maintenance diet for at least 1 month prior to the dietary trial. They were fed in two phases. For the first phase, cats were randomly assigned to receive either a high protein [HP=46% metabolizable energy (ME)] or low protein (LP=26% ME) diet. For the second phase, cats were fed whichever diet they were not fed during the phase I period. Blood and urine samples were collected at 2-week intervals for the duration of the study (10 weeks). UN, albumin, alanine aminotransferase and urine specific gravity were significantly higher, and creatinine and phosphorus were significantly lower (P<0.05) when cats were fed the HP diet as compared to when they were fed the LP diet, although none of the mean values were found to be outside of the corresponding reference interval. Dietary intake can result in clinically significant changes in UN and statistically significantly changes in several other biochemical analytes, although all analytes are likely to remain within normal reference intervals. Therefore, an accurate dietary history is necessary to help determine if renal parameters are being influenced by diet in a particular patient.     

Cytologic analysis of the mammary papillar discharge in a canine micropapillary carcinoma

This is a report on the cytologic analysis of the mammary papillar discharge in a 7‐year‐old female Doberman dog with an invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Cytologic evaluation of nipple discharge is a well‐known method for the rapid diagnosis of breast cancer in women. However, there is no previous report regarding the use of this technique for assessing mammary tumors in dogs. The aim of this study was to describe the use of mammary papillar discharge cytology for diagnosing a micropapillary carcinoma in a dog. Cytologically, evaluation of the papillar discharge revealed cells arranged in clusters in a papillary pattern or in a morula‐like arrangement, suggesting the diagnosis of a micropapillary carcinoma, which was subsequently confirmed by histopathology. Thus, mammary papillar discharge cytology should be considered as an ancillary method for evaluating mammary diseases in dogs.     

Nitrogen transfer from green manure to organic cherry tomato in a greenhouse intercropping system

Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the nitrogen transfer, the yield and the nutrient contents of organic cherry tomatoes intercropped with legumes in two successive years. The randomized block experimental design was used with eight treatments and five replicates, as follows: two controls with single cherry tomato crop (with and without corn straw cover); cherry tomato intercropped with jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis DC); white lupine (Lupinus albus L.); sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.); velvet bean-dwarf [(Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merrill)]; mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). The number of total fruits, the weight of total fruit and an average weight of the total fruit in the first year was 25%, 33% and 13% higher than the second-year, respectively. The lower N-content of cherry tomato leaves in the treatment with mung bean can be reflected of lower %N transfer of cherry tomato leaves in the same treatment compared to treatment with cowpea bean. The N-content and %N transfer of cherry tomato leaves was 50 and 42% higher in year 1 than in year 2, successively. Nevertheless, in general, the legumes used in this study contributed equally in the N transfer to the cherry tomato plants. The P, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn content in the leaf and shoot were no difference between the treatments. However, the Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn content of the leaf were higher in year 2 than year 1.     

Cooked Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Protect Against β-cell Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is a disease characterized by a hyperglycemic stage that leads to a chronic inflammatory state. We evaluated the in vivo effect of a diet supplemented with 25 % cooked black bean cultivar Negro 8025 (N8025) flour in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The effect was assessed before (preventive-treatment) and after (treatment) the onset of diabetes. There is a significant decrease of total phenolic, tannins and anthocyanins content after cooking, and the concentration of most of the single phenols analyzed are only slightly decreased. The treatment group showed a significant reduction of glucose (22.8 %), triglycerides (21.9 %), total cholesterol (29.9 %) and LDL (56.1 %) that correlates with a protection of pancreatic ß-cells. The diet with N8025 flour before the induction of diabetes did not exert a protective effect (glucose levels are similar to the diabetic control) but they have low levels of total cholesterol (47.5 %) and LDL (56.1 %). The preventive-treatment group did not inhibit the increase of TNF-α and IL-1β, whereas the treatment group did, compared to the diabetic control. Therefore, N8025 bean supplementation can be recommended to control diabetes.