循环孔隙水作用下混凝土动态特性试验研究Symbol`@@

对0、10、50次孔隙水循环下不同应变速率(10 -5、10 -4、10 -3、10 -2/s)的混凝土和中低应变速率(10 -4、10 -3/s)下不同孔隙水循环次数(0、10、50、100、200次)的混凝土进行了常三轴压缩试验,试件尺寸为300 mm×600 mm。对循环孔隙水压作用后混凝土的峰值应力物理力学参数的变化规律进行了统计分析,并对混凝土在不同加载速率下的吸能变化规律进行了分析。结果表明：随着应变速率增大,混凝土的峰值应力呈增大趋势,随孔隙水压循环次数的增加,峰值应力大体呈现先增大后减小的阶段性变化;混凝土的吸能能力随加载速率的增加,表现出明显增大的趋势。混凝土的吸能能力随孔隙水压循环次数的增加表现出一定的离散性,但整体上呈先增大后减小的趋势;选用基于Weibull统计理论的混凝土材料分段式动态损伤本构模型对试验数据进行拟合,经验证,此模型与试验结果吻合较好。     

Regrowth forests on abandoned agricultural land: A review of their habitat values for recovering forest fauna

Human land use has modified the structure and function of terrestrial landscapes throughout much of the world, with cropping and livestock grazing the major drivers of landscape change. In many tropical, sub-tropical, temperate and Mediterranean regions, regrowth forests regenerate naturally on abandoned agricultural land if human disturbance declines. With the exception of some tropical forest literature, the broader ecological and conservation literature has largely ignored the potential of regrowth forests to facilitate passive landscape restoration and the recovery of fauna communities in fragmented agricultural landscapes. This paper addresses this deficiency by reviewing the available global evidence of fauna recovery in regrowth forest from 68 papers, identifying the main gaps in current knowledge, and providing directions for further research. The majority of reviewed studies focus on regrowth in tropical regions, which often contain large areas of mature forest. Species’ utilisation of regrowth forest is highly variable and is particularly influenced by land-use history, an important determinant of the structural and compositional characteristics of regrowth forests. While site-scale (<1 ha) forest structure and floristic diversity were frequently studied, only 11 studies considered the spatial configuration and context of habitat patches and just two studies explicitly considered landscape structure. Based on this review, six key research questions are posed to direct future research on this important issue. We conclude that a broader perspective of the role of regrowth forest in the landscape is required if we are to realise the potential benefits of regrowth forest for passive landscape restoration and fauna conservation and recovery.     

杨树抗逆转录因子基因内SSR标记的开发

利用直接测序法开发小叶杨抗逆转录因子基因内一套新的核基因组SSR标记。通过对3个抗逆转录因子共21个成员在36个小叶杨基因型个体中的序列比较分析后共检测到31个SSR多态性位点,SSR出现的频率为1/1916bp。在小叶杨自然群体中,SSR多态性位点的碱基重复呈现出2～5碱基形式,基元重复次数变异范围为3～20次,其中以二碱基重复的位点较多,占总数的51.6%。在此基础上,依据SSR位点两侧的保守序列,设计31对SSR位点PCR扩增引物对。利用设计的引物检测所开发的SSR位点在杨属内22个基因型个体中PCR扩增的有效性及SSR位点的保守性。PCR扩增结果显示,93.5%的SSR位点能够在杨属内至少4个派内有效扩增,每对引物组合可检测到SSR多样性位点数3～12个,平均6个。基于抗逆转录因子基因内开发的SSR标记位点为分子标记辅助小叶杨抗逆性状育种提供工具。     

The flight from the arts and sciences: trends in degrees conferred

After rising steadily between 1954 and 1968, the percentage of all bachelor's degrees awarded in the arts and sciences declined dramatically. These swings cannot be explained by demographic variables; however, they have been affected by changes in the academic profiles of educational institutions that were in turn related to trends in enrollment. Even more important have been the changing choices of fields of study made by men and women (particularly in the case of the humanities), in part as a consequence of widening opportunities for women. The flight from the arts and sciences now appears to be over, and in the future gender-related variables can be expected to have less impact on the distribution of degrees conferred.     

Nutrient elements and heavy metals in the sediment of Baiyangdian and Taihu Lakes: A comparative analysis of pollution trends

Based on the sample data on the concentrations of nutrient elements and heavy metals in the sediment collected from Baiyangdian Lake (BL) in June 2004, the pollution level and the distribution of N, P, organic matter (OM), and the heavy metals Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in water body sediment were analyzed. The pollution trends and current loads between BL and Taihu Lake (TL) were compared using relevant data from BL obtained in 1982 and 1994 and from TL in 1988 and 2000. The findings showed an ever-increasing trend of pollution year by year both in the sediment of BL and TL, although N and P pollution was somehow controlled at the end of the 1990s. The pollution situation in the BL area indicated that the downriver regions were more seriously polluted than the upriver regions, and the most heavily polluted sites were the outlet of the Fuhe River, the original wastewater reservoir of Tanghe River, and the densely populated Chunshui and Wangjiazhai villages. For the TL, the northern lakeside regions were found to be more seriously polluted than the southern regions, although the center of the lake was still relatively pollution free. The most heavily polluted spots were Wuli Lake, Meiliang Bay near Changzhou, Wuxi and other neighboring cities. While the Cd pollution in BL was greater than that in TL, there were not many differences in the average loads of Cu, Zn and Pb. This paper discusses the alternative measures to deal with the different pollution levels in these two lakes.     

Spin conservation accounts for aluminum cluster anion reactivity pattern with O2

The reactivity pattern of small (approximately 10 to 20 atoms) anionic aluminum clusters with oxygen has posed a long-standing puzzle. Those clusters with an odd number of atoms tend to react much more slowly than their even-numbered counterparts. We used Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to show that spin conservation straightforwardly accounts for this trend. The reaction rate of odd-numbered clusters increased appreciably when singlet oxygen was used in place of ground-state (triplet) oxygen. Conversely, monohydride clusters AlnH-, in which addition of the hydrogen atom shifts the spin state by converting formerly open-shell structures to closed-shell ones (and vice versa), exhibited an opposing trend: The odd-n hydride clusters reacted more rapidly with triplet oxygen. These findings are supported by theoretical simulations and highlight the general importance of spin selection rules in mediating cluster reactivity.     

A quantum laser pointer

The measurement sensitivity of the pointing direction of a laser beam is ultimately limited by the quantum nature of light. To reduce this limit, we have experimentally produced a quantum laser pointer, a beam of light whose direction is measured with a precision greater than that possible for a usual laser beam. The laser pointer is generated by combining three different beams in three orthogonal transverse modes, two of them in a squeezed-vacuum state and one in an intense coherent field. The result provides a demonstration of multichannel spatial squeezing, along with its application to the improvement of beam positioning sensitivity and, more generally, to imaging.