科学地饲喂现代蛋鸡

产蛋鸡,不论是白壳蛋鸡还是褐壳蛋鸡,从遗传上都进行了最高产蛋率的选育,二者的饲喂方案相似,只是由于体重的差异而进行了一定调节.营养学家的任务是从遗传上满足鸡从1日龄至生命结束期间为正常生长发育并获得最高产蛋率的营养需要.由于美国92%的蛋鸡为白壳的,并以海兰W-36为主,Bowen博士将以该品种为例对各阶段的营养需要进行阐述,并提出一些重要的管理建议.     

Inter-observer agreement between two observers for bovine digital dermatitis identification in New Zealand using digital photographs

Aims: To assess the inter-observer agreement for detecting bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) lesions in digital colour photographs of the hind feet of cows, which had been taken while the animals were standing to be milked, between two trained observers.

Methods: Thirty-six photographs were selected from a total of 184 photographs held by the first author (R1), who had classified them as negative (n=11) or positive (n=25) for BDD. They were delivered to a technician (R2) who had previously visually inspected cattle for BDD lesions, and who then recorded the photographs as being either BDD-positive or BDD-negative. The percentage agreement between R1 and R2, and two other inter-observer agreement statistics, Cohen’s κ and Gwet’s first-order chance correction agreement coefficient (AC1), were calculated. The cumulative membership probabilities of Cohen’s κ and Gwet’s AC1 were then calculated for different benchmark ranges of κ.

Results: The percentage agreement between R1 and R2 was 33/36 (92%), Cohen’s κ was 0.80 (95% CI=0.57–1.0) and Gwet’s AC1 was 0.86 (95% CI=0.69–1.0). Based on the cumulative membership probabilities for Gwet’s AC1, there was 75% probability that the two observers had almost perfect agreement (κ≥0.81). For both Cohen’s κ and Gwet’s AC1, there was >95% probability that the two observers had at least substantial agreement (κ≥0.61).

Conclusions: The two trained observers had at least substantial agreement in identifying from a digital photograph as to whether BDD lesions were present or absent. Therefore results from the two could be used interchangeably.

Clinical Relevance: Visual assessment for BDD lesions in the milking parlour can be subjective. However a high agreement between these two trained BDD inspectors means BDD prevalence reported from different regions in New Zealand by these two can be directly compared.     

Platinum catalysts for the high-yield oxidation of methane to a methanol derivative

Platinum catalysts are reported for the direct, low-temperature, oxidative conversion of methane to a methanol derivative at greater than 70 percent one-pass yield based on methane. The catalysts are platinum complexes derived from the bidiazine ligand family that are stable, active, and selective for the oxidation of a carbon-hydrogen bond of methane to produce methyl esters. Mechanistic studies show that platinum(II) is the most active oxidation state of platinum for reaction with methane, and are consistent with reaction proceeding through carbon-hydrogen bond activation of methane to generate a platinum-methyl intermediate that is oxidized to generate the methyl ester product.     

Tracking the evolution of a hydrothermal event plume with a RAFOS neutrally buoyant drifter

The migration and evolution of a deep ocean hydrothermal event plume were tracked with a neutrally buoyant RAFOS float. The float remained entrained in the plume for 60 days, and the plume vorticity was calculated directly from the anticyclonic motion of the float. Concentrations of suspended particles, particulate iron, and dissolved manganese in the plume did not decay significantly during the 60 days, which indicates that event plumes would be easily detectable a year after formation.     

Near extinction of a large, widely distributed fish

Are extinctions of marine vertebrates as rare and unlikely as current data indicate? Long-term research surveys on the continental shelf between the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and southern New England reveal that one of the largest skates in the northwest Atlantic, the barndoor skate (Raja laevis), is close to extinction. Forty-five years ago, research surveys on St. Pierre Bank (off southern Newfoundland) recorded barndoor skates in 10% of their tows; in the last 20 years, none has been caught, and this pattern of decline is similar throughout the range of the species.     

短梳角野螟的形态描述及幼虫虫龄判断

短梳角野螟Meroctena tullalis(Walker)是为害红花天料木Homalium hainanense Gagnep的重要食叶害虫,其形态描述和幼虫准确分龄是开展害虫生物生态学及林间防控研究的重要依据。本文采用林间采样与室内饲养相结合的方法,首次对短梳角野螟卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的形态及生活习性和生活史进行调查和描述。并通过测定头宽、头长和体长3项分龄指标,利用SPSS Statistics19.0统计软件对数据进行频次分析,结合戴氏法则和线性回归等试图探究准确划分幼虫虫龄的可靠方法。结果表明:短梳角野螟幼虫随龄期增长,幼虫颜色由浅黄绿色逐渐变为深绿色,头部由肉色逐渐变深,最后形成外围红褐色中间深肉色。通过频次分析统计,测得短梳角野螟幼虫虫龄为5龄;头宽可作为最佳分龄指标,且头宽测量指标平均值自然对数与幼虫龄期呈线性关系(y=0.181 6x-0.602 3,R2=0.999 1)。头长和体长统计检验,符合戴氏法则,但频次分析5个峰值不是很明显,且有部分区域重叠,只能作为划分虫龄的辅助指标。本研究确定了短梳角野螟各虫态的形态特征及划分幼虫龄期的最佳指标,以期为该虫林间防治提供生物学依据。     

Evolution of marine fisheries management in China from 1949 to 2019: How did China get here and where does China go next?

China is the world’s biggest fishing nation and a major player in the global seafood trade. Its fisheries development can decisively influence the global seafood trade, food security and marine conservation. In recent years, significant changes have taken place in China’s fisheries management priorities, policies and regulations. In this paper, we review the evolving fisheries management practices in China to delineate changes in the management policies, methods and their performances from 1949 to 2019. We determined that the following issues impede the development, implementation and enforcement of fisheries policies and regulations, namely the large size of the fishing fleet, large and poorly organized fisheries population, the “hidden” fishing capacity, uniform management approaches that sometimes fail to account for local conditions, lack of clearly defined and allocated fishing rights, limited data quality and availability, insufficient fisheries monitoring programmes, absence of a robust scientific input framework and insufficient stakeholder involvement. Combining those problems with China’s current management initiatives, we propose recommendations for China’s future fisheries reforms. We hope this paper can inform China’s marine fisheries policies and provide valuable references for further researches related to China’s sustainable fisheries management.