旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培技术研究

针对甘肃中部半干旱旱作区春季降水少、土壤墒情差、胡麻保全苗难等问题探讨旱地胡麻地膜栽培模式对胡麻产量的影响。试验结果表明,旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培可防止胡麻出苗板结,有效提高胡麻出苗率,明显减少土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,胡麻生长的前期地温明显提高,胡麻的经济性状明显改善,增产效果明显,经济效益显著;旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培水分生产率,比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别提高28.28%、40.33%和116.17%;比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别增产22.04%、28.74%和53.74%,是目前旱地胡麻增产稳产高产的最佳的栽培模式。     

长期不同施肥潮土对可溶性有机碳的吸附特征

可溶性有机碳(DOC)吸附影响土壤元素化学行为。为此,本研究采用批处理法研究了DOC在长期不同施肥处理(对照CK、氮N、氮磷NP、氮磷钾NPK、化肥+秸秆还田NPKS、化肥+有机肥NPKM)潮土上的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征。结果表明,猪粪源DOC易于分解,需要添加0.025 mmol(1 mL 25 mmol/L)Na N3抑制其分解,抑制率超过90%。DOC吸附符合准二级动力学方程(R~2≥0.99)。不同施肥处理下,吸附速率常数k及初始速率常数h与平衡吸附Qe都没有显著差异,平均值分别为0.208 kg/(g·h)、1.60 g/(kg·h)和2.77g/kg。吸附等温式可用Langmuir方程很好拟合(R~2≥0.96),吸附容量(最大吸附量)Q_(max)在不同施肥处理下也没有显著差异(平均7.05 g/kg),但在N和NP等非平衡施肥下却保持高的亲合力,半饱和吸附浓度k_d分别为50.2和57.6 mg/L,吸附亲合常数K则分别为0.02和0.017 4 L/mg;相反,在NPKM处理下,显著低的亲合性发生,k_d和K分别为72.94 mg/L和0.013 8 L/mg。研究证明粘粉粒含量控制了不同施肥处理潮土对DOC的吸附;土壤有机碳水平不影响Q_(max),而且高土壤有机碳还降低其吸附亲合性。     

烟草微喷节水灌溉技术及应用效果

阐述了烟草节水灌溉的意义、微喷灌溉的技术要点和特点。并在河南烟区,以不灌水和传统沟灌为对照进行多点微喷灌溉试验,研究了不同微喷灌水量对烟叶经济性状和水分生产率的影响,结果表明,微喷具有显著的节水、增产、增质效果,在烟草伸根和旺长期干旱条件下微喷2次,每次微喷24~36mm,可显著促进烟株生长,比不灌水增产43.0%~65.6%,增加产值70.7%~103.4%,比传统沟灌增产3.83%~9.53%,水分生产率增加15%~20%,灌水增产率提高200%以上,烟草微喷技术具有较大的推广利用价值。     

马铃薯野生种S.demissum与普通栽培品种Katahdin回交一代材料主要产量性状细胞遗传效应分析

为了研究马铃薯野生种S.demissum与普通栽培品种Katahdin回交一代材料主要农艺性状的细胞效应,以2份回交一代材料、2个栽培品种按GiffingⅢ完全双列杂交配制的12个杂交组合为材料,应用细胞遗传效应分析方法,对正反交两种组配类型的回交一代群体的遗传参数进行分析。结果表明,亲本的细胞质遗传效应、组合的细胞核效应在所有测试性状上均表现出极显著的差异;组合的细胞质核互作效应在单株结薯数、平均单薯重等性状上存在极显著差异,而在其他4个性状上差异不显著。同一性状的细胞质效应值在不同亲本间差异较大,并且同一性状的细胞核效应值和质核互作效应值在不同组合间差异亦较大。亲本间正反交两种不同回交改良方式对回交后代群体产量等主要农艺性状的表现有较明显的影响。     

棉花机采品种理想株型模式研究

对7个抗虫矮秆品系和抗虫高秆品种泗抗1号在麦(油)后直播条件下群体叶面积系数、光合特性、株型结构、纤维品质和产量性状进行测定,结果表明:抗虫矮秆品系从现蕾至吐絮盛期,叶面积系数和光合作用强度均明显超过泗抗1号;抗虫矮秆品系DR003、DR013、DR021、DR023和DR024纤维长度、比强度和马克隆值3个主要纤维品质指标达到棉花机械采收对品种纤维品质的要求,DR013、DR021、DR023和DR024 4个品系皮棉产量1737.6～2024.25 kg/hm2。根据抗虫矮秆品系群体叶面积消长动态、光合作用强度动态变化、纤维品质与产量性状表现,提出长江中下游棉区棉花机采品种理想株型结构模式:自然株高75 cm左右,果枝始节8节以上,第1果枝离地面高度20 cm以上,下部果枝节间平均长度(8.7±0.8)cm,中部果枝节间平均长度(6.0±0.6)cm,上部果枝节间长度(5.5±0.3)cm。     

草莓储藏与保鲜技术研究进展

综述了草莓的几种储藏保鲜技术,比较了不同保鲜技术的优缺点及其应用前景。     

Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis)—occurrence and possibilities for its control in Hungary1

Frankliniella occidentalis was first recorded in Hungary in 1989. The pest has endangered the mass-rearing and distribution of the biological control agents Encarsia formosa and Phytoseiulus persimilis being conducted at the Hódmezövásárhely Institute. Different insecticide active ingredients were studied for elimination of the pest from experimental glasshouses and new methods for monitoring populations of the new thrips. The fungus Verticillium lecanii has been tested as an indirect control agent.     

Seleno-amino acid found in Astragalus bisulcatus

Ion-exchange and filter-paper columns were used in a separation of amino acids from an extract of Astragalus bisulcatus. Two amino acids were identified, S-methylcysteine and Se-methylselenocysteine.     

Determination of environment-specific dose–response relationships for clodinafop-propargyl on Avena spp.

A range of plant and environmental variables is known to influence the efficacy of herbicides. This paper explores whether environmental factors influencing efficacy of a herbicide can be quantified by analysing a set of industry data involving 59 experiments conducted throughout Australia in the years 1986–1995 for clodinafop-propargyl on Avena spp. A spline method was used to analyse the combined data set of observed and interpolated covariates. In addition to dose, it was found that efficacy was significantly influenced by maximum temperature on the day of application, spray water volume, the interaction of maximum temperature and spray volume, the sum of minimum temperatures experienced in the 7 days prior to application, and the soil moisture deficit estimated for day 10 prior to application. The findings are discussed in relation to testing of new products for providing commercial factor-adjustment information as an additional, marketable outcome of existing product testing procedures. Advantages of the spline model over the commonly used log–logistic model for evaluating dose–response and factor-adjustment relationships are presented.