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31.
Macrolides and lincosamides 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Macrolides and lincosamides are first choice bacteriostatic antibiotics used in veterinary dermatology. The main antibiotics in these classes are erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin and tylosin. They are well absorbed if given orally and are able to penetrate well into infected skin. Their spectrum of action comprises bacteria commonly associated with skin infections, including staphylococci. Their main disadvantages are the rapid development of bacterial resistance and occasional gastroenteric upset, most often seen with erythromycin. More recently developed macrolides, such as azithromycin and clarithomycin, are bactericidal, have a larger spectrum of action, a longer endurance, less resistance and may be given once a day instead of two or three times daily. 相似文献
32.
Evaluation of the concentration of marbofloxacin in alveolar macrophages and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid after administration in dogs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Boothe HW Jones SA Wilkie WS Boeckh A Stenstrom KK Boothe DM 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(10):1770-1774
OBJECTIVE: To determine concentrations of marbofloxacin in alveolar macrophages (AMs) and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and compare those concentrations with plasma concentrations in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 12 adult mixed-breed and purebred hounds. PROCEDURE: 10 dogs received orally administered marbofloxacin at a dosage of 2.75 mg/kg every 24 hours for 5 days. Two dogs served as nontreated controls. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage procedures were performed while dogs were anesthetized with propofol, approximately 6 hours after the fifth dose. The concentrations of marbofloxacin in plasma and bronchoalveolar fluid (cell and supernatant fractions) were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with detection of fluorescence. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD plasma marbofloxacin concentrations 2 and 6 hours after the fifth dose were 2.36 +/- 0.52 microg/mL and 1.81 +/- 0.21 microg/mL, respectively. Mean +/- SD marbofloxacin concentration 6 hours after the fifth dose in AMs (37.43 +/- 24.61 microg/mL) was significantly greater than that in plasma (1.81 +/- 0.21 microg/mL) and ELF (0.82 +/- 0.34 microg/mL), resulting in a mean AM concentration-to-plasma concentration ratio of 20.4, a mean AM:ELF ratio of 60.8, and a mean ELF-to-plasma ratio of 0.46. Marbofloxacin was not detected in any samples from control dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Marbofloxacin concentrations in AMs were greater than the mean inhibitory concentrations of major bacterial pathogens in dogs. Results indicated that marbofloxacin accumulates in AMs at concentrations exceeding those reached in plasma and ELF The accumulation of marbofloxacin in AMs may facilitate treatment for susceptible intracellular pathogens or infections associated with pulmonary macrophage infiltration. 相似文献
33.
Lammers TW Roussel AJ Boothe DM Cohen ND 《American journal of veterinary research》2005,66(4):642-645
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of an indwelling nasogastric tube on gastric emptying of liquids in horses. ANIMALS: 9 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: A randomized block crossover design was used. For treatment group horses, a nasogastric tube was placed and 18 hours later, acetaminophen was administered; the nasogastric tube remained in place until the experiment was complete. For control group horses, a nasogastric tube was passed into t stomach, acetaminophen was administered, and the nasogastric tube was removed immediately. Serial blood samples were collected 15 minutes before and after administration of acetaminophen. Serum concentration of acetaminophen was determined by use of fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The variables, time to maximum acetaminophen concentration (Tmax) and the appearance constant for acetaminophen (Kapp), were determined. The values for Kapp and Tmax in horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement were compared. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in Kapp between horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement; the median difference in Kapp was 0.01 min(-1) (range, -0.48 to 0.80 min(-1). No significant difference was found in Tmax between horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement; the median difference in Tmax was 5 minutes (range, -30 to 50 minutes). Reanalysis of data following the removal of possible outlier values from 1 horse resulted in a significant difference in Tmax between horses with and without prolonged nasogastric tube placement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although no clinically important impact of 18 hours of nasogastric intubation was found on gastric emptying in healthy was found among horses. 相似文献
34.
Hettlich BE Boothe HW Simpson RB Dubose KA Boothe DM Carpenter M 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(5):748-755
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in bacterial numbers, identity, and susceptibility in samples obtained from the tympanic cavity on entry (preflush) and after evacuation and lavage (postflush) and assess perioperative and empiric antimicrobial selection in dogs that underwent total ear canal ablation (TECA) with lateral bulla osteotomy (LBO) or reoperation LBO. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: 34 dogs. PROCEDURE: TECA with LBO or reoperation LBO was performed on 47 ears. Pre- and postflush aerobic and anaerobic samples were obtained from the tympanic cavity. Isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were compared. RESULTS: Different isolates (31/44 [70%] ears) and susceptibility patterns of isolate pairs (6/44 [14%] ears) were detected in pre- and postflush samples from 84% of ears. Evacuation and lavage of the tympanic cavity decreased the number of bacterial isolates by 33%. In 26% of ears, bacteria were isolated from post-flush samples but not preflush samples. Only 26% of isolates tested were susceptible to cefazolin. At least 1 isolate from 53% of dogs that received empirically chosen antimicrobials postoperatively was resistant to the selected drugs. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered from 6 ears. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Accurate microbiologic assessment of the tympanic cavity should be the basis for selection of antimicrobials in dogs undergoing TECA with LBO. Bacteria remain in the tympanic cavity after evacuation and lavage. Cefazolin was a poor choice for dogs that underwent TECA with LBO, as judged on the basis of culture and susceptibility testing results. 相似文献
35.
RATIONALE FOR STUDY: At Texas A&M University, introductory-level surgical lecture and laboratory notes were converted to a CD-ROM format that included illustrative photographs as well as instructional videos demonstrating the basic surgical skills that all students were required to master. The CD-ROM was distributed to all students in place of traditional paper notes in the second-year surgical class in the professional veterinary curriculum. The study reported here was designed to evaluate the educational benefits of the use of the CD-ROM in place of traditional paper notes by examining the attitudes and practices of students before and after exposure to the CD-ROM format. METHODOLOGY: An anonymous survey was distributed to students in the second-year introductory surgery course on the first day of class and again on the last day of class. Responses to questions were tabulated, response frequencies determined, and Chi-square analysis performed to determine differences between initial and final responses. RESULTS: On the final survey, 89 per cent of students responded that the instructional videos definitely helped them prepare for the laboratory, and 77 per cent responded that they were more likely to practice techniques learned from the CD-ROM videos than those learned from traditional study materials. The majority of students believed that the CD-ROM improved both the course (60 per cent) and their learning experience (62 per cent) as compared to traditional paper notes. CONCLUSIONS: Including instructional videos on the CD-ROM enhanced the educational experience of the students by promoting preparedness for laboratories and promoting practice of techniques learned from the videos outside of the laboratory. 相似文献
36.
D J Krahwinkel Harry W Boothe 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2006,36(4):739-757
There are a plethora of topical and systemic medications available to the veterinary practitioner today that aid the wound healing process. Some of these help to maintain a moist environment. Others increase growth factors, provide local energy sources, control infection, provide for debridement, increase wound blood flow and temperature, or reduce wound edema. Modern wound care requires that the proper products(s)be used, depending on the condition of the wound and the phase of wound healing. This article discusses various wound care products and provides guidelines on their use. 相似文献
37.
HW Michelmann D Rath E Töpfer-Petersen P Schwartz 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2007,42(6):594-602
Porcine oocytes and pre-implantation embryos from the same, as well as from different animals, have an extremely heterogeneous morphology of the zona pellucida (ZP) surface, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. For years, it has been believed that this heterogeneous morphology plays an important role in the sperm-oocyte interaction. The aim of this study was to analyse the zona morphology and sperm-binding patterns on the porcine ZP. Oocytes were divided into four categories: immature, matured in vivo, or matured in vitro over a time period of 24 or 48 h. The zona morphology of early embryos grown in vivo or in vitro was also investigated. Four different types of zona morphology were detectable. They ranged from a porous, net-like structure to a nearly smooth and compact surface. No correlation could be established between the different kinds of maturation in terms of these zona types. All oocytes exhibited extremely heterogeneous zona morphologies, with no clear trend. During subsequent in vivo embryo development, the zona surface changes from a porous structure to one with a compact surface, while the morphology of in vitro embryos remained compact at all stages of development. The analysis of the number and distribution patterns of spermatozoa trapped in the ZP revealed extremely variable patterns, regardless of the zona morphology. Differences were only present if sorted or unsorted spermatozoa were used for insemination. Regardless of the number of inseminated spermatozoa after sorting, only a few (1-2) could be detected on the ZP. Whether oocytes were matured in vivo or in vitro was not a relevant factor. Unsorted spermatozoa bound in higher numbers than sorted ones. The number was directly dependent on the number of spermatozoa used for insemination. 相似文献
38.
J Chatfield J Jensen D Boothe T Herzog K Junkins 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2001,32(4):430-435
Single-dose pharmacokinetics of sulfadimethoxine were determined in six adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) following administration of a mean dosage of 17.5 +/- 2.7 mg/kg both i.v. and p.o. Serial blood samples were collected through an indwelling jugular catheter intermittently for 5 days for both routes. Sulfadimethoxine was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum drug concentration versus time data for each animal was subjected to linear regression, with the best-fit model selected based on residual analysis. The data fit best into a two-compartment open model, with first-order input for oral administration. For orally administered drug, mean maximum serum concentration of 19.3 +/- 1.7 microg/ml was reached at 11.41 +/- 2.59 hr, with an elimination rate constant of 0.09/hr +/- 0.05/hr and an elimination half-life of 11.7 +/- 3 hr. Mean peak serum concentration following i.v. administration was 223 +/- 48 microg/ml. Mean volume of distribution at steady state was 0.393 +/- 0.049 L/kg. Elimination rate constants differed with i.v. and oral administration, suggesting a flip-flop model. Oral bioavailability was 103% +/- 38%. Comparison of maximum serum concentrations to the microbial breakpoint concentration reported for sulfadimethoxine (512 microg/ml) suggests that the dose used in this study, 17.5 +/- 2.7 mg/kg, is insufficient for achieving therapeutic serum levels. 相似文献
39.
Franks JN Boothe HW Taylor L Geller S Carroll GL Cracas V Boothe DM 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2000,217(7):1013-1020
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy and safety of using transdermal fentanyl patches (TFP) for analgesia in cats undergoing onychectomy. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS: 45 client-owned cats weighing > or = 2.7 kg (5.9 lb) undergoing onychectomy, onychectomy and ovariohysterectomy, or onychectomy and castration. PROCEDURE: Cats were randomly assigned to be treated with a TFP (25 micrograms/h) or butorphanol; TFP were applied a minimum of 4 hours before surgery (approx 8 hours prior to extubation). Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, force applied by the forelimbs, and serum fentanyl concentration were measured, and temperament, recovery, degree of sedation, severity of pain, severity of lameness, and appetite were scored before and periodically for up to 40 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Cats treated with a TFP had better recovery scores at 2 of 4 evaluation times, lower sedation scores at 2 of 8 evaluation times, and lower pain scores at 6 of 8 evaluation times, compared with cats treated with butorphanol. Use of a pressure-sensitive mat to evaluate force applied by the forelimbs did not reveal any differences between groups but did reveal a significant difference between preoperative and postoperative values. Mean +/- SD serum fentanyl concentrations were 1.56 +/- 1.08, 4.85 +/- 2.38, 4.87 +/- 1.56, and 4.35 +/- 2.97 ng/ml approximately 8, 24, 32, and 48 hours, respectively, after TFP placement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that use of a TFP (25 micrograms/h) for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing onychectomy with or without surgical sterilization is safe and effective. 相似文献
40.