Comparison of wheat gluten and spray-dried animal plasma in diets for nursery pigs

Five experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different wheat gluten (WG) sources (Source 1 = enzymatically hydrolyzed, Source 2 = nonmodified ring-dried, Source 3 = spray-dried, and Source 4 = flash-dried) on growth performance of nursery pigs compared with soybean meal (SBM), spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP), or other specialty protein sources. In Exp. 1, pigs (n = 220, initially 6.1 +/- 2.5 kg) were fed a control diet containing (as-fed basis) 6% SDAP or WG Source 1 or 2. The WG and l-lysine*HCl replaced 50 or 100% of the SDAP. From d 0 to 21, increasing WG (either source) decreased ADG and ADFI (linear, P < 0.01), but improved (linear, P < 0.02) G:F. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 252, initially 6.2 +/- 3.0 kg) were fed a negative control diet containing no SDAP or WG, diets containing (as-fed basis) 9% WG Source 1 or 5% SDAP, or combinations of WG and SDAP where WG and l-lysine*HCl replaced 25, 50, or 75% of SDAP. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed increasing WG had decreased ADG (linear, P < 0.05). In Exp. 3, pigs (n = 240, initially 7.0 +/- 2.5 kg) were fed a negative control diet, a diet containing (as-fed basis) either 3, 6, 9, or 12% WG Source 3, or a positive control diet containing 5% SDAP. The diets containing 9% WG and 5% SDAP had the same amount of SBM. From d 0 to 7, pigs fed 5% SDAP had greater (P < 0.04) ADG than pigs fed the diet containing 9% WG. From d 0 to 14, increasing WG had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or G:F. In Exp. 4, pigs (n = 200, initially 6.0 +/- 2.4 kg) were fed a negative control diet, the control diet with (as-fed basis) 4.5 or 9.0% WG Source 1, or the control diet with 2.5 or 5.0% SDAP. Diets containing WG and SDAP had similar SBM levels. From d 0 to 7 and 0 to 14, increasing SDAP tended to improve (linear, P < 0.06) ADG, but increasing WG had no effect. In Exp. 5, 170 barrows and gilts (initially 7.5 +/- 2.8 kg) were used to determine the effects of WG Source 1 and 4 compared with select Menhaden fish meal or spray-dried blood cells and a negative control diet (SBM) on the growth performance of nursery pigs from d 5 to 26 postweaning (d 0 to 21 of experiment). No differences were found in ADG or G:F, but pigs fed the diet containing (as-fed basis) 2.5% spray-dried blood cells had greater ADFI than pigs fed the negative control from d 0 to 21. Wheat gluten source had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or G:F. The results of these studies suggest that increasing WG in diets fed immediately after weaning did not improve growth performance relative to SBM or SDAP.     

Comparison of three methods of feeding sows in gestation and the subsequent effects on lactation performance

A total of 684 sows from breeding groups over 6 wk was used to compare three methods of feeding during gestation on gestation and lactation performance. Control gilts and sows were fed according to body condition based on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 = thin, 5 = fat). Sows were visually assessed for body condition at breeding and were assigned a daily feed allowance to achieve a BCS of 3 at farrowing. Treatment 2 used feeding levels based on backfat thickness (measured between d 0 and 5 after breeding) and weight at weaning for sows or service for gilts. Feed allowance was calculated to achieve a target backfat of 19 mm at farrowing, and remained constant from d 0 to 101 of gestation. Feed allowances were based on modeled calculations of energy and nutrient requirements to achieve target sow maternal weight and backfat gains. Treatment 3 was identical to Treatment 2, except that feeding pattern was altered for thin sows and gilts (<15 mm at service) in an attempt to reach 19 mm by d 36 of gestation. Sows were weighed at the previous weaning, and gilts were weighed at service, with both weighed again between d 112 and 114 of gestation. Backfat was measured between d 0 and 5, and again between d 108 and 113 of gestation. At farrowing, sows on Treatments 2 and 3 had 19 and 19.1 mm of backfat, respectively, whereas control sows tended to have greater (P < 0.07) backfat (20 mm). On average, sows targeted to gain 6 to 9 mm of backfat failed to reach target gains regardless of feeding method. Feeding sows in gestation based on backfat (Treatments 2 and 3) resulted in a numerically higher proportion of sows in the target backfat range of 17 to 21 mm (40.2, 53.3, and 52.6% for control and Treatments 2 and 3, respectively) at farrowing and a numerically lower percentage of fat sows (>21 mm), but no difference in the percentage of thin sows (<17 mm) compared with feeding based on body condition. In conjunction with this observation, sows fed based on BCS were fed higher (P < 0.05) feeding levels in gestation than were sows fed based on backfat depth. Gestation feeding method had no effect on performance during lactation. Feed intake in lactation was lower (P < 0.05) for high backfat sows (>21 mm) at farrowing compared with sows with <21 mm. The high proportion of sows in the optimal backfat category demonstrates that feeding based on backfat and BW has potential for facilitating more precise feeding during gestation.     

Effects of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine and increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine:metabolizable energy ratio on growth performance and carcass composition of growing and finishing pigs

Four experiments were conducted to examine the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on the response of growing and finishing pigs (PIC 337 × 1050) to increasing dietary Lys. Experiments 1 and 2 evaluated 38- to 65-kg gilts and barrows, respectively, and Exp. 3 and 4 evaluated 100- to 120-kg gilts and barrows, respectively. Gilts and barrows were housed separately in different barns. Treatments were allotted in a completely randomized design into 2 × 4 factorials with 2 PCV2 treatments (PCV2-vaccinated and nonvaccinated) and 4 standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys:ME ratios (2.24, 2.61, 2.99, and 3.36 g/Mcal in Exp. 1 and 2 and 1.49, 1.86, 2.23, and 2.61 g/Mcal in Exp. 3 and 4) within each experiment. There were 5 pens per treatment. At the start of Exp. 1 and 2, there were more pigs per pen (P < 0.001) in vaccinated pens because vaccinated pigs had a greater survival rate than nonvaccinated pigs, and this increase was maintained throughout the experiments. Removal rate approached 30% in nonvaccinated barrows and more than 20% in nonvaccinated gilts. Observation suggested that the removals were largely due to PCV2-associated disease. No PCV2 vaccination × SID Lys:ME ratio interactions (P > 0.10) were observed in any of the 4 studies. In Exp. 1 and 2, PCV2-vaccinated pigs had increased (P < 0.001) ADG compared with nonvaccinated pigs. The growth response was primarily due to increases in ADFI, which suggests that vaccinated pigs have a greater Lys requirement (g/d) than nonvaccinated pigs. In Exp. 1, increasing the SID Lys:ME ratio increased (quadratic; P < 0.04) ADG and G:F, with pigs fed the 2.99 g/Mcal ratio having the greatest ADG and G:F. In Exp. 2, increasing the SID Lys:ME ratio improved (linear; P < 0.001) G:F. In Exp. 3, ADG and G:F increased (P < 0.05) in a quadratic manner as the SID Lys:ME ratio fed increased. In Exp. 4, increasing the SID Lys:ME ratio increased ADG (linear; P < 0.001) and G:F (quadratic; P = 0.03). Although PCV2 vaccination improved growth, the corresponding increase in ADFI did not increase the optimal SID Lys:ME ratio for growing and finishing barrows and gilts.     

美国目前和未来的保育猪饲养方案

在过去的20年内美国的猪产业发生了翻天覆地的变化。多址生产系统对畜群的健康和控制断奶仔猪链产生了极大的作用。然而一个成功的断奶仔猪营养方案其基本原则对于任何日龄断奶的仔猪来讲都是相似的。可以归纳成三点：①在断奶时,仔猪尽可能的体重大;②尽可能快的将日粮从复合日粮转化为简单日粮;③重点关注保育仔猪管理。此外,在美国过去的10年通过遗传选育的手段,使窝产仔数大约增加了1.5头,仔猪断奶的日龄也相应地增加到平均为19~23 d。当每头母猪产仔数增加以后,由于初生活仔数的增加,有更多体重轻的仔猪出生,这将是生产者所面临的挑战。因此,对生产者来说,了解影响初生体重轻的仔猪一生的生产性能以及收益的因素是非常必要的。     

Sampling strategies and screening of chickpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer arietinum</Emphasis> L.) germplasm for salt tolerance

Six hundred accessions of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) landraces and its wild relatives from 28 different countries, available at Australian Temperate and Field Crops Collection (ATFCC) were screened for tolerance to salt under greenhouse conditions using three sampling strategies; (1) random sampling of 200 accessions from different countries, (2) restricted random sampling of 200 accessions from geographical regions with salinity problems and high diversity (Middle East and West & South Asia) and (3) as for strategy 1 but with a reduced representation of accessions from the geographical regions used in strategy 2. Degree of salt tolerance was based on necrosis scores and shoot biomass reduction relative to unstressed controls at harvest after subjecting stressed plants to salt treatment from 21 to 42 days after sowing. There was a wide variation in salinity tolerance determined by both measures. For sampling strategies 1, 2 and 3 respectively; 24, 28 and 14% of accessions were salt tolerant. Accessions from the middle east and south Asian (regions with salinity problem, a long history of chickpea cultivation and high diversity) gave a higher probability (P < 0.01) of getting salt tolerant accessions.     

美国胶合板市场:进口暴涨!

图1示出3个主要供应国的针叶材胶合板进入美国市场的情况,自1997年以来(不含1997年)已经突破100万m3,这3个国家是巴西、加拿大和智利.特别值得注意的是,由于各种原因,过去2年里从巴西进口针叶材胶合板增长非常明显,我们对此要进行讨论,对此中国的生产商们可能会很有兴趣.     

细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器堵塞的影响

为探明细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器抗堵塞性能的影响,该文以内镶片式斜齿形迷宫流道灌水器为研究对象,应用类短周期堵塞测验方法对8种粒径小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒进行浑水测试。在此基础上,分析了泥沙粒径和含沙量对灌水器堵塞的影响,探讨引起灌水器发生堵塞时的敏感粒径范围与含沙量水平。试验结果表明:对于粒径小于0.1 mm的细小颗粒,含沙量是引起灌水器堵塞的主要原因,当浑水含沙量水平大于1.25 g/L时,影响尤其显著,呈正相关关系;粒径对堵塞的影响并不是单调的递增或递减,堵塞发生的敏感粒径范围在0.03～0.04 mm之间。试验结果有助于进一步提高含沙水源滴灌的应用水平。