The effect of diet type and quantity on the development of common sea urchin larvae Echinus esculentus

Several species of sea urchins are now being cultivated for commercial purposes and with the continued increased demand for sea urchin gonads as a food product, new species are being assessed for their aquaculture and market potential. This study focussed on establishing protocols for the production of common sea urchin Echinus esculentus larvae and juveniles to assess its potential as an echinoculture species. Two trials were carried out, the first trial evaluated the influence of three microalgal diets (D=Dunaliella tertiolecta only, mixed D/P=D. tertiolecta plus Phaeodactylum tricornutum and P=P. tricornutum only) on larval morphology. Larval length, width, post-oral arm length and rudiment length were significantly effected by diet. Diets D and D/P prompted more rapid metamorphosis. In the second trial, the effects of different rations of D. tertiolecta were tested. The food ration, standard ration (SR; 1000, 3000, and 5000 cells ml⁻¹) and high ration (HR; 3000, 9000, and 15,000 cells ml⁻¹) were increased as the larvae acquired the 3rd and 4th pair of larval arms. Larvae fed the SR were significantly larger (longer and wider) and had significantly longer rudiments than those in the HR treatment. The number of larvae metamorphosing and settling onto substrates was significantly higher in treatment SR compared to HR. Optimising the larval diet shortened the larval stage from 21–23 days in the first trial to 16 days in the second trial. The maximum percentage of metamorphosing individuals which survived to post-larvae or juveniles (10 days after they were first judged competent to settle) was 46.6%, suggesting E. esculentus is a viable aquaculture candidate.     

Effects of initial and extended exposure to an endophyte-infected tall fescue seed diet on faecal and urinary excretion of ergovaline and lysergic acid in mature geldings

Abstract

AIM: To determine the amount of ergovaline and lysergic acid retained or excreted by geldings fed endophyte-infected seed containing known concentrations of these alkaloids, and the effects of exposure time on clinical expression of toxicosis.

METHODS: Mature geldings (n=10) received diets containing either endophyte-free (E-) or endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue seed during three experimental phases. The first phase (Days ?14 to ?1) was an adaptation phase, to allow all horses to adapt to a diet containing E- tall fescue seed. The second (Days 0 to 3) was the initial exposure phase to E+ tall fescue seed, used for the delivery of ergovaline and lysergic acid at 0.5 and 0.3 mg/kg of diet, respectively, to test the initial effects of exposure on routes and amounts of elimination of alkaloid. During this phase, half the geldings were exposed to an E+ diet while the rest served as controls by remaining on the E- diet. Once assigned to treatments, geldings remained on the same diet through the third phase (Days 4 to 21), which served as the extended exposure phase. Total outputs of faeces and urine were collected within each phase, to determine retention of ergovaline and lysergic acid and nutrient digestibility. Serum was collected weekly and analysed for activities of enzymes and concentrations of prolactin. Bodyweights (BW) and rectal temperatures were recorded weekly.

RESULTS: BW, rectal temperature, enzyme activities and concentrations of prolactin in serum, and nutrient digestibility were not affected by treatment. Total intake of ergovaline by geldings on the E+ diet was 3.5 and 3.6 (SE 0.20) mg/day, and 2.1 and 2.3 (SE 0.11) mg/day were not accounted for in initial and extended phases, respectively. Lysergic acid was excreted in the urine (4.0 and 4.9 (SE 0.97) mg/day) and faeces (2.5 and 2.7 (SE 0.35) mg/day) at greater amounts than that consumed (2.0 and 1.9 (SE 0.09) mg/day) during the initial and extended exposure phases, respectively. Animals exposed to E+ seed for a period of 20 days appeared to excrete more (1.5 vs 1.2 mg/day; SE 0.08; p=0.03) ergovaline in the faeces than those exposed for only 4 days.

CONCLUSIONS: Exposure time to the ergot alkaloids had a limited effect on the route of elimination or the amounts of ergovaline or lysergic acid excreted by horses. The primary alkaloid excreted was lysergic acid, and urine was the major route of elimination. These data will aid future research to improve animals′ tolerance to toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue.     

Copper deficiency in sheep: An assessment of the relationship between concentrations of copper in serum and plasma

AIM: To assess the relationship between concentrations of copper in serum and plasma in sheep.

METHODS: Concentrations of Cu were measured in paired serum and heparinised plasma samples collected from 110 sheep in nine flocks. Linear regression was used to evaluate whether flock or gender had a significant effect on the association between concentrations of Cu in serum and plasma. The individual results for concentrations of Cu in serum were then compared with those from plasma, using correlation and limits of agreement plotting.

RESULTS: Concentrations of Cu in serum ranged from 7.3 to 22 (mean 14.0) µmol/L, while concentrations in plasma ranged from 9 to 27 (mean 16.3) µmol/L. On average, concentrations of Cu in serum were 2.3 µmol/L lower than in plasma. Over the range of values seen in this study, concentrations of Cu in plasma and serum were significantly correlated (r=0.89), and mean concentrations in serum were 87% of those in plasma. There was no effect of flock or gender on the relationship between concentrations of Cu in serum and plasma. Despite the significant correlation, there was marked variability between individual samples in the proportion of Cu that was lost during clotting, with the 95% limits of agreement for serum Cu ranging from 70 to 104% of the plasma concentration.

CONCLUSIONS: As in cattle, the individual variability in the loss of Cu during clotting in sheep is too great for concentration of Cu in serum to be used as a substitute for that in plasma.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When assessing the blood Cu pool as part of the diagnosis of Cu-responsive disease in sheep, the concentration of Cu in plasma should be measured in preference to that of serum. We suggest that a range of 4.5 to 9 µmol/L in plasma be used to define marginal Cu status in sheep.     

Effects of bovine lactoferrin on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus

Objective To investigate the effects of bovine lactoferrin on in vitro replication of feline herpes virus (FHV‐1) and to determine at what points during viral replication these effects occur. Sample population Cultured Crandell‐Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells and FHV‐1 strain 727. Procedure Five concentrations of bovine lactoferrin (0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 mg/mL) were added at one or more of three time points during conventional plaque reduction assays: (a) uninfected CRFK cells were incubated in lactoferrin‐containing medium for 30 min prior to viral adsorption; (b) virus was suspended in lactoferrin‐containing medium prior to and during adsorption, or (c) CRFK cells were incubated with lactoferrin‐containing medium for 48 h following viral adsorption. Plaques were counted and antiviral effect expressed as percent inhibition relative to control medium that contained no lactoferrin. Results Exposure of CRFK cells to lactoferrin prior to or during viral adsorption inhibited FHV‐1 replication by 87–96% (mean: 91%). Application of lactoferrin following viral adsorption had no appreciable effect on FHV‐1 replication. No additive or synergistic effects were noted when lactoferrin was added at multiple steps. These effects were similar at all concentrations of lactoferrin tested. Cytotoxic effects of lactoferrin on CRFK cells were not observed at any concentration tested. Conclusions and clinical relevance Bovine lactoferrin has a notable inhibitory effect on the in vitro replication of FHV‐1 prior to and during, but not following viral adsorption. These findings strongly suggest that lactoferrin inhibits FHV‐1 adsorption to the cell surface and/or penetration of the virus into the cell. Clinical effects of topical lactoferrin in acute or recrudescent herpetic episodes in cats warrant investigation.     

Genetics of adaptation and domestication in livestock

In this review, we assess the current state of knowledge on domestication of the major livestock species. We present first some historical background on location and dates of domestication of livestock. The characteristics that favoured domestication are described, especially gregariousness, precocity of young and diet. We then describe the genetic processes involved during domestication, i.e. uncontrolled processes such as inbreeding and genetic drift, partially controlled processes such as relaxation of natural selection and natural selection in captivity and controlled processes such as active selection. Details are also given on how the resource allocation theory explains changes occurring during domestication. The methods used to assess the extent to which domestication has changed animals (comparisons of wild and domestic stocks, longitudinal analysis and molecular genetics) are also listed. Finally, major behavioural modifications observed during domestication are described, including relationships with humans and predators, and social, feeding, reproductive and maternal behaviours as well as morphological changes.     

Antimicrobial stewardship in equine practice

Antimicrobial stewardship involves the judicious use of antimicrobials balanced against the requirement to treat the presenting clinical condition. The same mandate and principles as discussed in human medicine and other veterinary disciplines are relevant to equine practice. This brief review will focus on available resources for equine practitioners, emerging perspectives on antimicrobial use and stewardship, and opportunities for more effective antimicrobial use in equine practice. There is a need for improved client education, availability of faster and more accurate techniques for identification and sensitivity testing of bacterial pathogens, and the development of novel agents.     

Effect of genetic resistance of the hen to Salmonella carrier-state on incidence of bacterial contamination: synergy with vaccination

Salmonella is one of the major sources of toxi-infections in humans. The association between egg consumption and Salmonella outbreaks is a serious economic and public health problem. To control the incidence of Salmonella in poultry flocks, many prophylactic means have been developed but none allows a total reduction of the risk. In a previous study, we derived mathematical models for Salmonella transmission and used them to appreciate the most important factors of variation of egg contamination rate and thus of risk of human contamination. Thanks to recent data of a selection experiment for increased or decreased rate of carrier-state (also called divergent selection), we showed that mixing, in an equal proportion, animals issued from a line selected for a lower (denoted Sal-) or higher propensity to carry Salmonella (denoted Sal+) results in a reduction by half of the maximal percentage of contaminated animals but does not accelerate the extinction of the disease. Vaccination and selection should be synergic, since a former contamination reduces the maximal prevalence by 45 and 71%, respectively, in Sal+ or Sal- flocks respectively. These results show the interest in the introduction, even at a rather moderate percentage, of animals selected for a reduced rate of Salmonella carrier-state within commercial flocks. This could be achieved by using one or more selected lines in commercial crosses. These results must be confirmed experimentally while the mathematical model could be extended with minor modifications to other animal species or pathogenic species.     

Estimation of the genetic correlations between twisted legs and growth or conformation traits in broiler chickens

SUMMARY: Genetic correlations between two types of leg deformities, valgus and varus angulations, and some growth or conformation traits were estimated in two commercial broiler strains. 14 264 chickens of both sexes in line A were measured for leg defects at 6 weeks and body weight at 3 (BW3) or 6 (BW6) weeks. The same measures were taken in line B on 8 164 chickens, as well as breast angle (BRA) and breast meat yield (BRM) at 6 weeks on 70% of the male birds. The multinomial logit model previously developed for the genetic analysis of valgus and varus deformities was extended to deal with the joint analysis of one unordered categorical trait and one continuous variable. The model assumed a competition between latent susceptibility variates related to the various deformities and linearly dependent on the continuous performances. Location parameters for latent susceptibilities and continuous trait were estimated by the 'Maximum A Posteriori' approach and dispersion parameters by the 'Maximum Marginal Likelihood' using a tilda-hat approximation. The genetic model took into account the effects of the sire, maternal grandsire and dam within maternal grandsire. As described in a previous study, leg deformities showed moderate heritabilities. Mean heritability estimate for both lines, based on the sire/maternal-grandsire (S/MGS) component, was equal to 0.22 for valgus and varus; when based on the dam component, mean estimates were equal to 0.37 and 0.29 for the two deformities respectively. Except for BRA, heritability of growth and conformation traits appeared to be smaller when based on S/MGS component (from 0.18 to 0.47) than on dam component (from 0.41 to 0.63). Very low genetic correlations were found between susceptibilities to leg deformities and growth performances: average estimates for both lines of the genetic correlation with BW3 were -0.03 and -0.05 for valgus and varus respectively. Respective genetic correlations with BW6 were estimated to be +0.05 and +0.01. According to a simulation study these small estimates were unlikely to be due to the negative back effects of severe disorders on growth performances. According to these results, including leg defects in breeding schemes would not delay improvement on growth through unfavourable genetic correlations. Susceptibility to valgus deformity appeared to be genetically independent of conformation traits (genetic correlation was estimated to be -0.06 and -0.08 with BRA and BRM respectively), whereas moderate unfavourable genetic correlations were found for varus (+0.16 and +0.19 with BRA and BRM respectively). Care must be taken when considering the impact of the actual intensive selection for greater conformation on the incidence of varus deformity. RéSUMé: Les corrélations génétiques entre deux types de déformations osseuses, le valgus et le varus, et des caractères de croissance et de conformation ont été estimées dans deux lignées commerciales de poulet de type chair. Dans la lignée "A", 14 264 poulets des deux sexes ont été mesurés pour les problèmes de pattes à 6 semaines, ainsi que pour le poids vif aux ages de 3 et 6 semaines. Ces mêmes mesures ont été faites dans la lignée "B"sur 8 164 poulets; on disposait en plus pour un échantillon des animaux de cette lignée de la mesure de l'angle de poitrine et du rendement en filet à 6 semaines. Des développements du modèle logistique multinomial déjà utilisé pour l'analyse génétique des valgus et varus ont été réalisés pour permettre l'analyse conjointe de plusieurs caractères discrets non ordonnés et d'une variable continue. Le modèle d'analyse fait l'hypothèse d'une compétition entre plusieurs variables sous-jacentes de sensibilité aux déformations, dépendant linéairement de la performance continue. Les paramètres de position pour les sensibilités sous-jacentes et le caractère continu ont été estimés par l'approche bayésienne du "Maximum A Posteriori"et les paramètres de dispersion par une approximation de type tilde-hat du "Maximum de Vraisemblance Marginale". Le modèle génétique d'analyse comprenait les effets des père, grand-père maternel et mère intra grand-père. Comme démontré dans une étude précédente, la sensibilité aux problèmes de patte présente une héritabilité modérée. En moyenne sur les deux lignées, l'estimation obtenue par la voie père/grand-père maternel (P-GPM) est de 0.22 pour les deux déformations et celle pour la voie mère de 0.37 pour le valgus et de 0.29 pour le varus. A l'exception de l'angle de poitrine, l'héritabilité des caractères de croissance et de conformation appara?t largement supérieure par la voie mère (de 0.41 à 0.63) que par la voie P-GPM (de 0.18 à 0.47). Les corrélations génétiques entre les sensibilités aux déformations osseuses et les performances de croissance apparaissent très faibles: la moyenne des estimations de la corrélation avec le poids vif à 3 semaines est de -0.03 pour le valgus et -0.05 pour le varus. Les corrélations avec le poids à 6 semaines sont du même ordre, estimées à respectivement +0.05 et +0.01 pour les valgus et varus. Une étude par simulation a permis de vérifier que ces faibles corrélations n'étaient pas dues à des biais éventuels liés aux effets secondaires négatifs des pathologies sévères sur les performances de croissance. D'après ces rèsultats, la prise en compte en sélection de la sensibilité aux problèmes de pattes n'introdurait pas, par une corrélation génétique défavorable, de réponse indirecte négative sur le poids. Si la sensibilité au valgus appara?t génétiquement indépendante des caractères de conformation (avec des corrélations génétiques avec l'angle de poitrine et le pourcentage de filet estimées à -0.06 et -0.8 respectivement), la liaison génétique appara?t plut?t défavorable pour le varus: +0.16 et +0.19 respectivement avec l'angle et le pourcentage de filet. Ces résultats doivent inciter à surveiller l'impact sur l'incidence des varus des fortes pressions de sélection appliquées actuellement sur les caractères de conformation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Genetische Korrelationen zwischen verbogenen Fü?en und Wachstums- und Formmerkmalen in Broilern Genetische Korrelationen zwischen 2 Arten von Beindeformationen, Valgus und Varus Angulationen, und einigen Wachtums- und Formmerkmalen wurden bei zwei kommerziellen Broiler Herkünften gesch?tzt, 14 264 Hühner beiderlei Geschlechter wurden in Linie A auf Beinfehler bei 6 Wochen Alter und K?rpergewicht bei 3 (BW3) und 6 Wochen (BW6) untersucht, in Linie B 8 164 Tiere, wo aber auch Brustwinkel (BRA) und Brustfleisch (BRM) von ca. 70% der H?hne erhoben worden ist. Das für die genetische Analyse von Valgus und Varus Deformationen entwickelte multinomiale logit Modell wurde für die gemeinsame Analyse eines ungeordneten kategorischen Merkmals und einer kontinuierlichen Variablen erweitert. Dieses unterstellt Kompetition zwischen latenter Anf?lligkeiten für verschiedene Deformationen und lineare Beziehung zu kontinuierlich verteilter Leistung. Lokationsparameter wurden mittels "Maximum A Posteriori" Ansatz und Dispersionsparameter mittels "Maximum Marginaler Likelihood" unter Verwendung von 'tilde-hat' Approximation gesch?tzt. Das genetische Modell berücksichtigte Vater-, maternale Gro?vater- und Muttertier-innerhalb der letzteren-Wirkungen. Beindeformationen zeigen mittlere Heritabilit?tswerte, 0.22 für Valgus and Varus aus Vater/maternalem Gro?vater Komponenten, 0.37 bez. 0.29 aus der Muttertierkomponente. Mit Ausnahme von BRA waren Heritabilit?tswerte für Wachstum- und Formmerkmale aus S/MGS-Komponenten (0.18-0.47) kleiner als die aus Muttertierkomponenten (0.41-0.63). Genetische Korrelationen zwischen letzeren und Anf?llikeiten waren sehr niedrig: zwischen BW3 und Valgus und Varus -0.03 bzw. -0.05, BW6 +0.05 und 0.01. Simulation zeigte, da? die niedrigen Werte kaum auf negative Rückwirkung der Defekte auf Leistung zurückzuführen sind, soda? deren Berücksichtigung in der Selektion den Zuchtfortschritt nicht beeintr?chtigen sollte. Valgusdeformation scheint genetisch unabh?ngig von Formmerkmalen zu sein (r(G) -0.06, -0.08 mit BRA und BRM), w?hrend Varus m??ig ungünstige Korrelationen zeigt (+0.16, -0.19 mit BRA und BRM), soda? Selektion auf Bemuskelung dies zu beachten hat.