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921.
922.
Andreja Repe Thomas Kirisits Barbara Piškur Maarten de Groot Bojka Kump Maja Jurc 《Annals of Forest Science》2013,70(7):717-727
Context
Ophiostomatoid fungi can severely affect the health and economic value of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies). Although the diversity of ophiostomatoid species and their associations with insects have been well-investigated in central and northern Europe, little is known about the conditions in south-eastern Europe.Aim
This study aims to study the assemblages of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with three bark beetle species (Ips typographus, Ips amitinus, and Pityogenes chalcographus) that infect Norway spruce in Slovenia.Methods
Bark beetles were sampled in four phytogeographic regions in Slovenia. The fungi found on the bark beetles were identified based on morphology, DNA sequence comparisons of ITS regions and phylogenetic analysis. The species compositions of the fungal associates of the three insect species were compared and the pairwise associations of the occurrence of the fungal species were analysed.Results
Thirteen different species were found. The most commonly encountered fungal associates of the beetles were Ophiostoma bicolor, Ophiostoma brunneo-ciliatum, Grosmannia piceiperda, Ophiostoma ainoae, Ceratocystiopsis minuta, and Grosmannia penicillata. The composition of the fungal associates differed among the bark beetle species, but not among the phytogeographic regions.Conclusions
This study confirms that ophiostomatoid species are common associates of the investigated bark beetle species. Many ophiostomatoid species have strong host associations. I. typographus and P. chalcographus can act as effective vectors for O. bicolor, O. ainoae, G. piceiperda and O. brunneo-ciliatum, whereas I. amitinus often carries G. piceiperda and C. minuta in Slovenian forests. 相似文献923.
Rosolen SG Lamory B Harms F Sahel JA Picaud S LeGargasson JF 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2010,13(6):369-376
Purpose To perform cellular‐level in vivo imaging of the feline retina using an adaptive optics flood illumination fundus camera (AO FIFC) designed for the human eye. Materials and methods Cellular‐level images were obtained from three eyes of two normal sedated cats. Ocular aberrations were corrected using an AO system based on a 52‐acuator electromagnetic deformable mirror and a 1024 lenslet Hartmann–Shack sensor (both Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France). A square 3°×3° area of the ocular fundus was flood‐illuminated by a pulsed LED emitting at 850 nm and imaged onto a low‐noise, high‐resolution CCD camera. The animal’s pupils were dilated and the effective pupil size was set to 7.5 mm. Conjunctival atraumatic clips were used to avoid eyeball movements and eyelid closure. The cornea was artificially hydrated throughout the experiments. Each acquisition consisted of 20 consecutive images, out of which 10 were numerically averaged to produce an enhanced final image. Results The total amount of ocular aberrations was greatly reduced by the AO correction, from 2.4 to 0.21 microns root mean square on average. The resulting images presented white dots distributed at a density similar to that of cone photoreceptors and they allowed us to visualize small blood vessels and nerve fiber bundles at a higher resolution than classically obtained with conventional fundus photography. Conclusion Retinal imaging with cellular resolution was feasible in cats under sedation using an AO FIFC designed for human eyes without any optical modification. The AO FIFC technology could find new applications in clinical, pharmacological, and toxicological investigations. 相似文献
924.
Many marine bacteria produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) as a strategy for growth, adhering to solid surfaces, and to survive adverse conditions. There is growing interest in isolating new EPS producing bacteria from marine environments, particularly from extreme marine environments such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents characterized by high pressure and temperature and heavy metal presence. Marine EPS-producing microorganisms have been also isolated from several extreme niches such as the cold marine environments typically of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, characterized by low temperature and low nutrient concentration, and the hypersaline marine environment found in a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems such as salt lakes and salterns. Most of their EPSs are heteropolysaccharides containing three or four different monosaccharides arranged in groups of 10 or less to form the repeating units. These polymers are often linear with an average molecular weight ranging from 1 × 105 to 3 × 105 Da. Some EPS are neutral macromolecules, but the majority of them are polyanionic for the presence of uronic acids or ketal-linked pyruvate or inorganic residues such as phosphate or sulfate. EPSs, forming a layer surrounding the cell, provide an effective protection against high or low temperature and salinity, or against possible predators. By examining their structure and chemical-physical characteristics it is possible to gain insight into their commercial application, and they are employed in several industries. Indeed EPSs produced by microorganisms from extreme habitats show biotechnological promise ranging from pharmaceutical industries, for their immunomodulatory and antiviral effects, bone regeneration and cicatrizing capacity, to food-processing industries for their peculiar gelling and thickening properties. Moreover, some EPSs are employed as biosurfactants and in detoxification mechanisms of petrochemical oil-polluted areas. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of current knowledge on EPSs produced by marine bacteria including symbiotic marine EPS-producing bacteria isolated from some marine annelid worms that live in extreme niches. 相似文献
925.
Linhai Zhang Charles R. Brown David Culley Barbara Baker Elizabeth Kunibe Hazel Denney Cassandra Smith Neuee Ward Tia Beavert Julie Coburn J. J. Pavek Nora Dauenhauer Richard Dauenhauer 《Euphytica》2010,174(1):15-29
Certain Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest and Alaska of the USA have grown potatoes in their gardens for many generations. In this study, the origin of several potatoes collected from Native gardens was investigated. Fourteen SSR markers covering the 12 potato homologs yielding a total of 199 alleles were amplified and scored in Solanum tuberosum Group Andigena (52 accessions), S. tuberosum Group. Tuberosum (39 accessions) and wild species (6 accessions). “Ozette” from the Makah Nation on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State was closely related to “Maria’s” and “Kasaan” potatoes collected from Native Alaskan gardens in Southeast Alaska. These three potatoes were more closely related to either two Mexican and one Peruvian andigena accessions or three Chilean Group Tuberosum accessions, while being relatively less related to the old European or modern varieties and most distantly related to Group Andigenum. “To-Le-Ak” was closely related to two Chilean tuberosum accessions and one old European variety. All Native potatoes harbored T-type chloroplast genome indicating that their maternal lineage is shared with Chilean Group Tuberosum. Using genetic relationship as a guide to origin it appears plausible that the Native American/Alaskan cultivars are either directly or indirectly from Mexico and Chile. These Native potato cultivars present a possible second route of diffusion distinct from the South America to Europe transfer which has been assumed to the sole means by which potato was spread out of South America. 相似文献
926.
A new method for monitoring real-time curing behaviour of adhesives by means of a rheometer is presented. This method was
developed within a study to characterize the curing behaviour of MUF adhesives on beech and ash, both with and without coloured
heartwood, as well as on Douglas fir and spruce. During closed assembly time, the decrease in a predefined adhesive layer,
caused by the penetration of adhesive and solvents into the wood, can be monitored. Furthermore, the progress of curing can
be determined and assessed after predefined closed assembly times. The maximum tensile force and the dissipated energy required
for separating assembled adherends allow for characterizing hardening of adhesive systems. First results suggest that this
is a promising method contributing to a better understanding of the curing process and how it is influenced by wood species. 相似文献
927.
Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo Barbara Allen-Díaz Alfonso San Miguel Isabel Cañellas 《Annals of Forest Science》2010,67(1):112-112
928.
A comparison of different methods for forest resource estimation using information from airborne laser scanning and CIR orthophotos 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Christoph Straub Holger Weinacker Barbara Koch 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(6):1069-1080
This article compares three methods for forest resource estimation based on remote sensing features extracted from Airborne
laser scanning and CIR orthophotos. The estimation was made exemplarily for the total stem volume of trees for a given area,
measured in cubic metres per hectare [m3 ha−1] (as one of the most important quantitative parameters to characterise a forest stand). The following methods were compared:
Regression Analysis (RA), k-NN (nearest neighbour) method and a method that utilises regional yield tables, referred to as the yield table method (YT-method).
The estimation of stem volume was examined in a mixed forest in Southern Germany using 300 circular inventory plots, each
with a size of 452 m2. Remote sensing features relating to vegetation height and structures were extracted and used as input
variables in the different approaches. The accuracy of the estimation was analysed using scatter plots and quantified using
absolute and relative root mean square errors (RMSE). The comparison was made for all plots, as well as for averaged plot
values located within forest stands that have the same age class. On “plot level” the RMSE yielded 79.79 m3 ha−1 (RA), 81.93 m3 ha−1 (k-NN) and 81.78 m3 ha−1 (YT-method) and for the averaged values 35.75 m3 ha−1 (RA), 35.06 m3 ha−1 (k-NN) and 42.98 m3 ha−1 (YT-method). Advantages and disadvantages, as well as requirements, of the methods are discussed. 相似文献
929.
For assessing the impact of soil temperature on tree growth in remote areas such as the alpine timberline, we introduce a
new method for soil temperature manipulations. This new approach is based on roofing of the rooting zone and allows either
soil cooling or soil warming without significantly influencing soil water availability and the above ground microclimate. 相似文献
930.
<正>奶牛肝脏的能量代谢效率影响其能量平衡和营养状况,日粮中添加适量的胆碱有利维护奶牛肝脏的正常功能,从而支撑其能量营养、繁殖、产奶及健康。例如在围产期,若奶牛肝功正常,则其与能量相关的疾病(如:酮症、子宫炎、皱胃移位和乳房炎等) 相似文献