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991.
S. CHATZIFOTIS F. KOKOU K. AMPATZIS I.E. PAPADAKIS P. DIVANACH C.R. DERMON 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2008,14(5):405-415
This study aims at examining the effect of caffeine administration on growth, feed efficiency, and consumption of sea bream (Sparus aurata), reared in winter temperatures. Moreover, it is questioned whether caffeine has a central action in the brain and its effects are partly mediated via central brain mechanisms. For this, we studied the influences of caffeine treatment on the cerebral pattern of the cholinergic neurotransmission and the novel neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO), by means of acetyl‐cholinesterase (AchE) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) histochemistry. Five different diets containing 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 g caffeine kg?1 of diet were administrated to five groups of fish. Caffeine adversely affected sea‐bream growth at a concentration higher than 1 g kg?1 diet and increased feed conversion ratio in the treatments of 2 and 5 g kg?1 (P < 0.05). The daily consumption of feeds was similar to all groups, indicating that caffeine did not influence diet palatability. AChE‐ and NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry showed densely labeled cells and fibers mainly in dorsal telencephalon, preoptic, pretectal, hypothalamic areas, optic tectum, reticular formation, cerebellum and motor nuclei. When compared with matched caffeine‐treated animals, no differences in the histochemical pattern and cell densities of cerebral AChE and NADPH‐diaphorase were found. 相似文献
992.
C. FERNANDES da SILVA E. BALLESTER J. MONSERRAT L. GERACITANO W. WASIELESKY JR P.C. ABREU 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2008,14(6):507-514
The nutritional quality of biofilm, a microbial community associated to an organic matrix, was evaluated in artificial substrate (polyethylene screen) in net cages during 30 days in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Southern Brazil. During this period, samples of biofilm were collected each 5 days for analysis of chlorophyll a, microorganisms abundance, dry weight, protein and lipid contents. During the study, chlorophyll a varied from 0.38 to 2.75 μg cm?2; dry weight between 7.16 and 17.63 mg cm?2; protein content from 0.43 to 1.76 mg cm?2 and lipid concentration between 1.21 and 4.23 mg cm?2. The variation of lipid in the biofilm was closely related to the abundance of free heterotrophic bacteria (34.25–56.54 × 106 cells cm?2), filamentous cyanobacteria (7.5–15.9 × 106 filaments cm?2), flagellates (6.92–12.89 × 106 cells cm?2) and mainly nematodes (29–1,414 organisms cm?2), while protein content varied similarly to the abundance of unicellular centric diatoms (52.10–179.81 × 103 cells cm?2), and nematodes. This information will allow a better management of food supply to raised aquatic organism with the utilization of natural productivity in the culture systems, with considerable decrease in production costs. 相似文献
993.
A.C.B. OLIVEIRA L.A. MARTINELLI M.Z. MOREIRA & J.E.P. CYRINO 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2008,14(1):10-13
Estimation of the apparent digestibility coefficient ADC(%) of C3 and C4 plants in experimental diets for fingerlings of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum, Cuvier, 1818) was calculated by applying chromic oxide (Cr2O3) external marker methodology and by a proposed mathematical expression based on the isotopic composition (δ13C). A total of 240 tambaqui fingerlings each weighing ±48.2 g and measuring ±9.8 cm were maintained in eight 500‐L aquariums specially designed for faeces collection. The ADC(%) of the C3 and C4 diets did not differ significantly between the two methods, producing results of 75.6%; 76.2% and 74.4%; 72.8%, respectively. The ADC(%) results obtained by isotopic method presented less variation than by chromic oxide. The proposed mathematical expression for calculating the ADC(%) based on δ13C values offers an alternative methodology, which can reduce errors and diminish the effort required to collect biological material. However, it is important to note that this method is limited to analysis of diets or food items with distinct isotopic signals. 相似文献
994.
Using the fish silage to partially replace proteic feedstuff in aquafeeds is an alternative to mitigate sanitary and environmental problems caused by the lack of adequate destination for fisheries residues. It would also lower feed costs, consequently improving fish culture profitability. However, using fish silages in aquafeeds depends on determination of its apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC). This work aimed to determining the ADC of crude protein and amino acids of acid silage (AS), biological silage (BS) and enzymatic silage (ES) for juvenile Nile tilapia (94.5 ± 12.7 g). The ADCCP was: 92.0%, 89.1% and 93.7% for AS, BS and SE respectively. The average ADC of amino acids was: 91.8%, 90.8% and 94.6% for AS, BS and ES respectively. Results encourage the use of AS, BS and ES to partially replace protein sources in balanced diets for neotropical fish. 相似文献
995.
P. James K. Tzoulas M.D. Adams A. Barber J. Box J. Breuste T. Elmqvist M. Frith C. Gordon K.L. Greening J. Handley S. Haworth A.E. Kazmierczak M. Johnston K. Korpela M. Moretti J. Niemelä S. Pauleit M.H. Roe J.P. Sadler C. Ward Thompson 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2009,8(2):65-75
In recent years social, economic and environmental considerations have led to a reevaluation of the factors that contribute to sustainable urban environments. Increasingly, urban green space is seen as an integral part of cities providing a range of services to both the people and the wildlife living in urban areas. With this recognition and resulting from the simultaneous provision of different services, there is a real need to identify a research framework in which to develop multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research on urban green space. In order to address these needs, an iterative process based on the delphi technique was developed, which comprised email-mediated discussions and a two-day symposium involving experts from various disciplines. The two outputs of this iterative process were (i) an integrated framework for multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research and (ii) a catalogue of key research questions in urban green space research. The integrated framework presented here includes relevant research areas (i.e. ecosystem services, drivers of change, pressures on urban green space, human processes and goals of provision of urban green space) and emergent research themes in urban green space studies (i.e. physicality, experience, valuation, management and governance). Collectively these two outputs have the potential to establish an international research agenda for urban green space, which can contribute to the better understanding of people's relationship with cities. 相似文献
996.
Thomas H Hansen Kristian H Laursen Daniel P Persson Pai Pedas Søren Husted Jan K Schjoerring 《Plant methods》2009,5(1):12-11
Background
Quantitative multi-elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry depends on a complete digestion of solid samples. However, fast and thorough sample digestion is a challenging analytical task which constitutes a bottleneck in modern multi-elemental analysis. Additional obstacles may be that sample quantities are limited and elemental concentrations low. In such cases, digestion in small volumes with minimum dilution and contamination is required in order to obtain high accuracy data. 相似文献997.
Surface velocity coefficients for application of the float method in rectangular and compound open channels 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
A three-dimensional mathematical hydraulic model was applied to calculate velocity profiles and discharge under steady, uniform
flow conditions in rectangular and compound open-channel cross sections. The velocity profiles were used to calculate surface
velocity coefficients for use with the float method for discharge estimation in the field. Surface velocity coefficients were
calculated at increments of one-eighth of the base width from the vertical walls to the center of the cross section, and submergence
of the float object from 0 to 30 cm, with a 5-cm depth increment. Model results were summarized to show the relationship between
surface velocity coefficient and channel characteristics compared to values published by the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR).
For rectangular cross sections, the coefficients from the model are generally higher than the published USBR values. But the
coefficients from the model and USBR are in very close agreement for the tested compound cross sections. The published coefficients
by the USBR are a function of only average water depth. However, the model results show that the coefficient is also related
to channel size, cross-sectional aspect ratio, surface roughness height, float submergence and lateral location of the float
object. These factors should be included in the determination of the surface velocity coefficient to improve the discharge
estimations from the application of the float method. 相似文献
998.
A hybrid fuzzy-stochastic water-management (FSWM) model is developed for agricultural sustainability under uncertainty, based on advancement of a multistage fuzzy-stochastic quadratic programming (MFSQP) approach. In MFSQP, uncertainties presented in terms of fuzziness and randomness can be incorporated within a multilayer scenario tree, such that revised decisions are permitted in each time period based on the realized values of the uncertain events. Moreover, fuzzy quadratic terms are used in the objective function to minimize the variation of satisfaction degrees among the constraints; it allows an increased flexibility in controlling the system risk in the optimization process. Results of the case study indicate that useful solutions for the planning of agricultural water management have been obtained. In the FSWM model, a number of policies for agricultural water supply are conducted. The results obtained can help decision makers to identify desired water-allocation schemes for agricultural sustainability under uncertainty, particularly when limited water resources are available for multiple competing users. 相似文献
999.
Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) estimations require accurate measurements of meteorological variables (solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) which are not available in many countries of the world. Alternative approaches are the use of Class A pan evaporimeters and atmometers, which have several advantages compared to meteorological stations: they are simple, inexpensive and provide a visual interpretation of ET0. The objectives of the study were to compare the evaporation from atmometers (ETgage) with the evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation (ET0PM) and to evaluate the variability between three modified atmometers of a commercial model. Comparison between daily ETgage measured by the atmometer and ET0PM showed a good correlation. However, ETgage underestimated ET0PM by approximately 9%. Differences between ETgage and ET0PM ranged from −2.4 to 2.2 mm d−1 while the mean bias error was −0.41 mm d−1. Underestimations occurred more frequently on days with low maximum temperatures and high wind speeds. On the contrary, atmometer overestimations occurred on days with high maximum temperatures and low wind speeds. Estimates of ET0 using the atmometer appeared to be more accurate under non-windy conditions and moderate temperatures as well as under windy conditions and high temperatures. Atmometers 2 and 3 overestimated the evaporated water by atmometer 1 with a maximum variability of cumulative water losses of 4.5%. A temperature-based calibration was performed to improve the atmometer accuracy, using maximum temperature as an independent variable, with good results. 相似文献
1000.
The quantity of water available for irrigation is getting scarce in many countries and it assumes great importance for assured crop production, especially in view of the erratic behavior of the monsoon. Thus, there is a pressing need to improve the water efficiency of irrigation systems. One-way of improving the efficiency of the irrigation system is reusing the return flow from the irrigation system. This task requires quantification of return flow, which still remains as a grey area in irrigation water management. The estimation of return flow from the irrigation system is usually obtained using thumb rules depending upon the site-specific conditions like command area conditions and soil properties. In this paper, a hierarchical modeling technique, namely, regression tree is developed for return flow estimation. Regression tree is built through binary recursive partitioning. The effective rainfall, inflow, consumptive water demand, and percolation loss are taken as predictor variables and return flow is treated as the target variable. The applicability of the hierarchical model is demonstrated through a case study of Periyar-Vaigai Irrigation System in Tamil Nadu, India. The model performance shows a good match between the simulated and the field measured return flow values. Results of statistical analysis indicated that the correlation coefficients are high for both single as well as double crop seasons. 相似文献