Coinoculated fermentations using saccharomyces yeasts affect the volatile composition and sensory properties of Vitis vinifera L. cv. sauvignon blanc wines

Alcoholic fermentation using Saccharomyces wine yeast is an effective means of modulating wine aroma. This study investigated the impact of coinoculating commercial yeast strains (Vin7, QA23, Vin13) on the volatile composition and sensory profile of Sauvignon Blanc wines. Small-scale replicated fermentations were conducted using single-strain and coinoculations of Vin7 with QA23 and with Vin13. The results showed that the chemical and sensory profiles of the coinoculated wines were different from both the single-strain wines and equal blends of the single-strain wines. Volatile thiol analysis indicated that the Vin7/QA23 coinoculated wines were highest in 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA), although this pattern was not observed for the Vin7/Vin13 yeast combination. The negative white vinegar aroma and high volatile acidity measured in the Vin7 single-strain wines were not present in the coinoculated wines. This study demonstrates that coinoculations can modify the aroma profile of wines, when complementary yeasts are used.     

基于NDVI时间序列数据的施肥方式遥感识别方法

农产品生产过程时空动态监测是有机/绿色农产品认证亟待解决的问题,不同施肥方式的时空精准识别是解决该问题的关键。本文以美国加州大学戴维斯分校长期定位实验为基本材料,利用时间序列Landsat8和Sentinel-2影像研究长期施肥实验下不同施肥处理轮作地块的植被指数时间序列,对比分析不同施肥处理NDVI的差异以及NDVI与产量的相关性。结果表明:1)不同施肥处理下的NDVI时间序列曲线总体趋势相似,有机肥与化肥处理NDVI时间序列曲线差异较大;2)不同施肥处理NDVI随作物生长期呈现规律变化,生长初期和后期有机肥处理NDVI均值高于化肥处理,生长中期化肥处理高于有机肥处理;3)不同施肥处理下的NDVI与产量之间相关系数随作物生长期有规律变化,应用植被指数进行遥感估产需要考虑不同施肥处理的影响。研究成果初步探讨了利用不同施肥处理NDVI时间序列差异、NDVI与产量相关性差异区分有机肥与其他施肥方式,有望为有机/绿色农业的时空动态监测与认证提供遥感技术支持,深化遥感技术在农业领域应用。     

Optimization of portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the assessment of soil total copper concentrations: application at an ancient smelting site

Purpose

Copper (Cu) is the earliest anthropogenic metal pollutant, but knowledge of Cu soil concentrations at ancient metalworking sites is limited. The objective of this work was to examine the ability of portable X-ray fluorescence to quantify Cu in soils at such sites.

Materials and methods

Using a Bruker Tracer III-SD pXRF, we examine factory “scan” settings versus simple instrument parameter changes (a reduction in energy settings from 40 to 12 kV) to target analysis for Cu. We apply these to a set of uncontaminated samples (n?=?18, <?92 mg Cu kg^?1) from Central Thailand and compare results to standard wet chemistry analysis (aqua regia digestion and ICP-OES analysis). We then apply the optimized method to a set of highly contaminated samples (n?=?86, <?14,200 mg Cu kg^?1) from a known ancient smelting site.

Results and discussion

We demonstrate that simple changes to factory recommended “scan” settings can double the sensitivity of Cu determination via pXRF (“optimized limit of determination” of 19.3 mg kg^?1 versus an initial value of 39.4 mg kg^?1) and dramatically improve the accuracy of analysis. Changes to other results for other elements are variable and depend on concentration ranges, soil matrix effects, and pXRF response for the individual element. We demonstrate that pXRF can accurately determine Cu across a wide concentration range and identify grossly contaminated soil samples.

Conclusions

We conclude that pXRF is a useful tool to rapidly screen and analyse samples at remote sites and can be applied to ancient metalworking sites. Simple optimization of the pXRF settings greatly improves accuracy and is essential in determining comparative background concentrations and “unaffected” areas. Application to other elements requires further element and matrix specific optimization.

     

Intrahepatic Postsinusoidal Venous Obstruction in a Dog

Intrahepatic postsinusoidal obstruction, similar to congenital Budd-Chiari syndrome in human patients, was diagnosed in a young Basenji dog. Sonographic, radiographic, and manometric studies were used in antemortem localization of this unusual functional lesion, that was believed to be congenital.     

SLOW RELEASE CISPLATIN COMBINED WITH RADIATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANINE NASAL TUMORS

Thirteen dogs with malignant tumors of the nasal cavity were treated with a combination of slow release cisplatin and megavoltage radiation. Radiation was delivered on a Monday through Friday schedule using a 6 MV linear accelerator. The median total dose was 49.5 Gy (range 49.5-56 Gy). Cisplatin was given using an open-cell polylactic acid polymer, impregnated with the drug and implanted intramus-cularly at a distant site, as a slow release delivery system (OPLAn-Pt [THM Biomedical, Inc]). The median dose used was 60 mg/m2 (range 60–100 mg/m2). When combined with radiation, this delivery system caused no systemic drug toxicity, and a local tissue reaction was seen in only two dogs. Acute side effects to normal tissue from radiation were not enhanced, as measured by subjective assessment. When compared to a group of historical controls that received radiation without OPLA-Pt, the dogs that received combined radiation and cisplatin had longer overall survival times, with a median of 580 days. The control group had a median survival of 325 days. Previously reported median survival times for comparable megavoltage radiation treatment range from 6 to 13 months. Some dogs in both groups also received adjubant chemotherapy but this did not influence survival time. By multivariate analysis, only the use of OPLA-Pt was found to significantly influence survival, with a p value of p = 0.023. Mega-voltage radiation and slow release cisplatin appears to be a well tolerated combination that may favorably affect survival of dogs with nasal tumors.     

RADIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORELIMB DISTAL PHALANX AND MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY OF THE LATERAL PALMAR PROCESS IN FOALS 3–32 WEEKS OLD

Developmental morphology of the forelimb distal phalanges and lateral palmar processes of 9 Thoroughbred foals aged 3–32 weeks was assessed using radiography, microradiography and histology. For inclusion in the study, all distal phalanges had no pathologic radiographic abnormalities.
Vascular channels that are characteristically found in the dorsal region of the distal phalanx were not evident radiographically in the palmar process. The proximal and distal angles of the palmar processes were separated by a lucent line continuous with the incisure in foals only through 12 weeks of age. The distal phalanges were triangular-shaped in foals 3–12 weeks of age, and were oval-shaped in older foals.
The palmar aspect of the distal phalanx was the major contributor to growth of the distal phalanx in the sagittal plane, especially between 3 and 12 weeks of age. Growth of the lateral palmar process occurred through the means of endochondral ossification. The body and cortices of the lateral palmar process were composed of coarse cancellous bone. Porosity within the lateral palmar process was greater in regions sampled axial, compared to abaxial, to the parietal sulcus and did not change with age.
A fracture was identified microradiographically and/or histologically in 9 of 18 (50%) and 10 of 17 (59%), respectively, of the lateral palmar processes examined. The fracture line was consistently associated with the parietal sulcus on the dorsal cortical surface and was always immediately abaxial to the deep digital flexor tendon attachment. No age-related morphological changes of the lateral palmar processes were identified with microradiography or histological examinations.     

Use of fetal skeletal mineralization for prediction of parturition date in cats

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between parturition date and fetal skeletal mineralization detected radiographically in cats. DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 31 queens and their 49 pregnancies. PROCEDURE: Seventeen pregnant queens were radiographed with a computed radiography system every 2 to 3 days from 1 week after pregnancy was identified by abdominal palpation until parturition. Radiographs were evaluated to determine the first identifiable mineralization of 16 bony structures and teeth during each pregnancy. This information was used to establish a table of expected parturition dates on the basis of fetal mineralization. Single radiographs from an additional 32 pregnant cats were evaluated, and predictions of parturition dates were made on the basis of the mineralization table. RESULTS: Mineralization was first detected 25 to 29 days prior to parturition (dpp). Mineralization was determined for the spinal column (22 to 27 dpp), skull (21 to 27 dpp), ribs (20 to 25 dpp), scapula (17 to 24 dpp), humerus (20 to 24 dpp), femur (19 to 23 dpp), radius (15 to 22 dpp), tibia (15 to 21 dpp), ulna (5 to 21 dpp), pelvis (8 to 20 dpp), fibula (0 to 17 dpp), tail (8 to 16 dpp), metacarpals and metatarsals (3 to 14 dpp), phalanges (0 to 11 dpp), calcaneus (0 to 10 dpp), and teeth (1 to 6 dpp). Date of parturition was predictable within 3 days in 75% of cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Identification of bony structures in the fetus is useful in estimating the time to parturition in queens.