六价铬(Cr6+)对福寿螺肝胰脏抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化的影响

[目的]研究六价铬(Cr6+)对福寿螺肝胰脏抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化的影响,为螺类的生理、生化研究及福寿螺的开发利用提供科学依据.[方法]Cr6+处理设0、1、5、10 mg/L浓度组,分别在处理后12、24、48、72和96 h取福寿螺肝胰腺进行超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和丙二醛(MDA)含量测定.[结果]在设计的剂量范围内,随着Cr6+浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长,SOD的活性呈现先增高后降低的趋势,当处理时间为24 h、Cr6+为10 mg/L时,肝胰脏中SOD活性达最大值,约为对照组2.1倍.在不同暴露浓度下,CAT活性总体上表现为低—高—低趋势,并随着暴露浓度和时间的延长,酶活力受到明显的抑制;1 mg/L浓度组CAT活性在暴露12 h后极显著增大为最大值,是对照的1.49倍,随后逐渐下降至对照水平附近并保持不变,但除了24和96 h外均无显著性变化;肝胰脏中MDA含量在整个试验期间均处于诱导状态,其中1、5 mg/L浓度组MDA含量分别于24、72 h无显著性变化,其余时间段均被显著或极显著诱导,而10 mg/L浓度组在整个试验期间均被显著诱导.[结论]福寿螺肝胰脏中的SOD活性和MDA含量可以作为水生生态系统Cr污染的生物监测指标.     

Descriptive epidemiological study of the use of antimicrobial drugs by companion animal veterinarians in New Zealand

Abstract

AIM: To describe the patterns of use of antimicrobial drugs by veterinary surgeons treating commonly presented bacterial infections in companion animals in New Zealand.

METHODS: A postal survey of 800 randomly selected companion animal veterinarians practicing in New Zealand was conducted between August and December 2008. Data were collected regarding the antimicrobials prescribed for recent cases of skin, ear and urinary tract infections; the use of culture and susceptibility testing; and veterinarian characteristics such as proportion of time spent treating companion animals and recent attendance at continuing professional development (CPD) events. Potential associations within the data were explored using extended mosaic plots and multivariable regression models.

RESULTS:Completed surveys from 393 respondents were available for analysis, providing data on systemic antimicrobial drug use for 1,799 cases of presumptive bacterial infections. The most frequently prescribed drugs were amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (864 cases, 48%), cephalexin (558, 31%), and fluoroquinolones (198, 11%). Of 359 cases of canine superficial pyoderma, 157 (44%) were treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and 155 (43%) were treated with cephalexin with median reported treatment durations of 7 and 10 days, for these two drugs respectively. Culture and susceptibility tests had been used in 376 of 1,984 (19%) of all reported cases and 160 (43%) of these were suspected urinary tract infections. Practitioners that spent 100% of their time treating companion animals and who had attended a CPD course related to companion animals within the 12 months prior to completing the survey were more likely to submit a sample for culture and susceptibility testing and to prescribe longer courses of antimicrobials for the treatment of canine pyoderma than practitioners who spent less than 100% of their time treating companion animals and had not attended a CPD course in the last 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS: Broad-spectrum drugs considered by the World Health Organisation to be critically important for human health, such as fluoroquinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, are amongst the most frequently prescribed antimicrobials in companion animal medicine, and these drugs are often prescribed without submitting a sample for culture and susceptibility testing.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Many cases of superficial pyoderma were treated for less than the recommended duration of 21 days, which may contribute to a higher rate of recurrent pyoderma and the development of drug resistance within the causal bacteria. Veterinarians should be aware that the use of fluoroquinolones, in particular, should be based upon the results of a culture and susceptibility test.     

高粱恢复系遗传改良策略和进展

高粱高产杂交种要有优良恢复系与不育系组配而成。优良恢复系具有恢复能力强、配合力高、雄性器官发达、花粉量大、上好的农艺性状和抗性性状。恢复系的遗传改良从地方品种筛选逐步升级为杂交选育和诱变选育。选育的类型包括恢复不同不育细胞质的恢复系以及高产型、饲用型、甜秆型、微量营养素含量高型、耐酸碱土型恢复系等。恢复系的育性恢复遗传因不育细胞质不同而有差异,有的由1个基因控制,有的由2、3或4个基因控制。恢复系在地理和分类学上表现出遗传多样性。     

菱传粉生物学研究

以6 个菱品种为试材,对花器形态特征、群体花期及单花开花动态、开花时间、柱头可授性、花粉活力、杂交指数 及传粉形式等进行观察测定。结果表明：菱花单生,两性,单花花期15 h,群体花期在5～10 月,盛花期在7～8 月;不同 品种在一天中的开花高峰期存在差异;柱头可授期主要在萼片开裂后2 h 内,结实率在50% 以上;花粉在自然授粉条件下活 力可保持7.5 h;以自花授粉为主,同时存在一定程度的无融合生殖和少量异花授粉。     

Safety of temperature sensitive mutant Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine

A temperature sensitive (ts) vaccine strain designated ts-11 was selected after exposure of a low passage culture of the immunogenic Australian field isolate (strain 80083) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum to 100 mg/ml of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Viable counts (assayed as colour changing units (CCU)/25 microliters) of a thawed stock culture of ts-11 were typically log10 3 to log10 5 higher when incubated at 33 degrees C (the permissive temperature) than duplicate viable counts incubated at 39.5 degrees C (the restrictive temperature). Doses of approximately 2 x 10(7) CCU of ts-11 caused no gross lesions or loss of egg production when inoculated into the air sacs of susceptible chickens and no clinical or pathological signs of sinusitis when inoculated into the infraorbital sinuses of susceptible turkey poults, whereas the parent strain 80083 was demonstrably pathogenic. However, 1 of 10 poults inoculated intra-abdominally with approximately 2 x 10(7) CCU of ts-11 did show signs of mild airsacculitis. Eight-week-old pullets were vaccinated by eye drop with up to 1.4 x 10(7) CCU of ts-11 and simultaneously subjected to several stressful management practices, without apparent ill effects. Administration by coarse aerosol of 5 ml of ts-11 vaccine/25 day-old broilers, with or without 25 doses of infectious bronchitis virus vaccine caused no obvious signs of respiratory disease. The non virulent ts phenotype was maintained after 3 passages of strain ts-11 in chickens. Chickens vaccinated 3 weeks previously with ts-11 or with strain 80083 were placed in contact with susceptible chickens for a period of 2 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

高铝粉煤灰蒸压制品强度的研究

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、红外光谱对高铝粉煤灰进行了分析,在不同蒸压制度下通过未反应CH量的测定、结合水量的测定、冷热盐酸中溶出量的变化以及XRD、SEM等方法对该粉煤灰的蒸压性能进行了研究。结果表明,该粉煤灰的主要矿物组成为刚玉、莫来石、赤铁矿和少量玻璃相,不含二氧化硅。在不同蒸压制度下,该粉煤灰石灰蒸压试样中水化产物主要为C-S-H(I)和水石榴石,水石榴石的量较多,蒸压试样的强度很低,其原因与粉煤灰中可参与反应的硅的量少有关。     

山区特色农业现代化进程中政府职能研究——基于仙居县杨梅产业现代化经验

政府职能特别是其经济职能的行使是推进农业现代化的重要一环.山区拥有发展特色农业的自然优势,推进特色农业现代化经营是山区实现富民强农的重要途径,但从现实来看,我国山区特色农业现代化总体进程较为滞后.因此,如何科学地发挥政府作为并行使政府职能来推进山区特色农业快速现代化便成为一个重要的议题.文章以典型山区县——浙江省仙居县的杨梅产业发展为例,研究发现:政府在多个方面的作为直接加快了特色农业的现代化进程,而政府的观念引领职能、政策导向职能、科技支撑职能和改善交通职能等是山区特色农业现代化进程中四大关键且具有一般性意义的政府职能.     

节灌技术在东莞市现代农业园区设计中的应用

阑述了喷灌、滴灌两种节灌技术在现代农业园区设计中的应用及其规划设计方案,并结合东莞市农业园区的实例进行介绍.     

城乡产业一体化视角下山区绿色跨越发展的形成机理与经验验证

新兴绿色经济进入长周期大发展的新经济格局正在酝酿形成,我国即将进入绿色发展新时代。在这一新发展背景下,作为我国经济发展的滞后区,山区不仅有必要而且也有可能实现跨越发展。本文在经济学分析框架下从城乡内部产业一体化角度揭示了山区绿色跨越发展的形成机理,并以浙江省安吉县发展经验为例对该形成机理进行了验证,以期揭示山区通过推行城乡产业一体化发展路径驶入绿色跨越发展轨道的可行性与重要性,为我国其他类似后发地区走绿色跨越发展道路提供理论支持与经验参考。     

担杆岛自然保护区种子植物区系及猕猴食物资源研究

使用路线踏查法和样方取样法,调查了位于珠海市东南部的担杆岛自然保护区的植物资源种类. 区内共有野生种子植物124科400属643种,种子植物区系以热带亚热带成分占优势,反映其植物区系具有明显的热带亚热带过渡性质. 与内伶仃岛、蒲苔群岛、滩浒岛的植物区系相比,担杆岛植物科、属和种的资源方面均较为丰富. 岛上猕猴采食的野生植物有172种,按采食部位可将其分为5类,其中以叶食性类型种类最多,其次为食果类型. 猕猴主要取食植物的结实期集中在6-12月. 在各植被类型中,次生林中的食物种类最为丰富,次生林是猕猴种群的重要栖息地. 建议在植被退化严重的局部地段,应用可供猕猴食用的乡土植物进行植被恢复,改善猕猴生存的自然环境.