Formation of molecular chlorine from the photolysis of ozone and aqueous sea-salt particles

Halogen atoms from the reactions of sea-salt particles may play a significant role in the marine boundary layer. Reactions of sodium chloride, the major component of sea-salt particles, with nitrogen oxides generate chlorine atom precursors. However, recent studies suggest there is an additional source of chlorine in the marine troposphere. This study shows that molecular chlorine is generated from the photolysis of ozone in the presence of sea-salt particles above their deliquescence point; this process may also occur in the ocean surface layer. Given the global distribution of ozone, this process may provide a global source of chlorine.     

Elevation change of the southern greenland ice sheet

Seasat and Geosat satellite altimeter measurements for the Greenland ice sheet (south of 72 degreesN latitude) show that surface elevations above 2000 meters increased at an average rate of only 1. 5 +/- 0.5 centimeters per year from 1978 to 1988. In contrast, elevation changes varied regionally from -15 to +18 centimeters per year, seasonally by +/-15 centimeters, and interannually by +/-8 centimeters. The average growth rate is too small to determine if the Greenland ice sheet is undergoing a long-term change due to a warmer polar climate.     

Ancient diets, ecology, and extinction of 5-million-year-Old horses from florida

Six sympatric species of 5-million-year-old (late Hemphillian) horses from Florida existed during a time of major global change and extinction in terrestrial ecosystems. Traditionally, these horses were interpreted to have fed on abrasive grasses because of their high-crowned teeth. However, carbon isotopic and tooth microwear data indicate that these horses were not all C4 grazers but also included mixed feeders and C3 browsers. The late Hemphillian Florida sister species of the modern genus Equus was principally a browser, unlike the grazing diet of modern equids. Late Hemphillian horse extinctions in Florida involved two grazing and one browsing species.     

Fusobacterium necrophorum septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint in an Australian Stockhorse mare

Septic osteomyelitis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is rarely seen in equine medicine with few reported cases, and none reported involving Fusobacterium necrophorum. This report describes the diagnosis and successful treatment of septic osteomyelitis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in an 11-year-old Australian Stockhorse mare in Queensland, Australia.     

Standing repair of an articular dorsal medial oblique fracture of the proximal third metacarpal bone in a racing Standardbred

The third metacarpal bone (McIII) is a common site of long bone fractures in racehorses. However, articular fractures of the dorsomedial aspect of McIII are a rare location of such injuries. This report describes the successful standing surgical repair of an articular fracture of the dorso-medial proximal McIII in a 4-year-old Standardbred racing mare using lag screw fixation.     

Isolation of bovine herpesvirus type 5 from the semen of a healthy bull in Australia

Artificial insemination is widely used in the cattle industry and a major challenge is to ensure that semen is free of infectious agents. A healthy donor bull was tested for freedom from infectious agents. A bovine herpesvirus was isolated in testis cells and identified as bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) by polymerase chain reaction and by direct amplicon sequencing. The amplicon sequence shared 100% similarity with the published sequence of BoHV-5. This is the first report in Australia of BoHV-5 in semen. The implications of this finding are discussed.     

The mechanisms of irreversible enzyme inactivation at 100C

The mechanism of irreversible thermoinactivation of an enzyme has been quantitatively elucidated in the pH range relevant to enzymatic catalysis. The processes causing irreversible inactivation of hen egg-white lysozyme at 100 degrees C are deamidation of asparagine residues, hydrolysis of peptide bonds at aspartic acid residues., destruction of disulfide bonds, and formation of incorrect (scrambled) structures; their relative contributions depend of the pH.