鸡β-防御素基因的克隆与结构分析

通过RT-PCR扩增出鸡β-防御素Ga1-1、Ga1-2和Ga1-3基因的部分cDNA序列，大小分别为198、195和297bp。利用PCR技术扩增出鸡β-防御素Ga1-1、Ga1-2和Ga1-3基因组DNA部分序列，大小分别为1176、1053和2454bp。经分析发现，2个内含子将鸡-β-防御素Ga1-1、Ga1-2和Ga1-3基因的编码区分成3个外显子部分。第1个外显子编码绝大部分信号肽序列；第2个外显子编码信号肽羧基端极小部分序列、原片段序列与大部分成熟肽序列；第3个外显子编码小部分成熟肽序列。扩增到的鸡β-防御素Ga1-1、Ga1-2和Ga1-3基因的两个内含子长度，分别为482和496bp，183和675bp，980和1280bp。鸡β-防御素基因编码区结构的这种组成与哺乳动物的β-防御素基因的不同，在哺乳动物中为1个内含子将β-防御素基因编码区分成2个外显子部分。Blast比较发现，鸡β-防御素Ga1-1和Ga1-2基因位于鸡的3号染色体连续克隆群Contig42．182上，并且这2个基因转录方向相反。Ga1-3基因位于鸡的3号染色体连续克隆群Contig42．181和Contig42．182上，转录方向与Ga1-1基因相同。     

钾锌锰配合施用对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

采用三因素二次回归通用旋转组合设计方法，研究了山西石灰性褐土上施用氯化钾、硫酸锌、硫酸锰对马铃薯产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明：钾、锌、锰肥的合理配合施用能使马铃薯产量明显提高，品质得到显著改善。在本试验条件下，马铃薯高产、优质高效的配方施肥方案是：氯化钾297．9～396．0kg／hm^2，硫酸锌69．70～109．1kg／hm^2，硫酸锰92．54～126．27kg／hm^2。钾、锌、锰肥配施可显著增加块茎中的淀粉、粗蛋白含量，降低NO3-N含量。     

VA菌根对冬小麦利用养分和水分的影响

本文采用土培试验研究了水分胁迫状况下接种VA菌根真菌对冬小麦生长发育、养分吸收和水分利用的影响 .试验结果表明 :水分胁迫严重地抑制了植株地上部及根系的生长 ,影响了植株对养分的吸收利用 ;接种VA菌根真菌的植株体内氮磷营养状况得到改善 ,减轻了水分胁迫对植株生长的抑制程度 ,提高了干物质的累积 .因此 ,接种VA菌根真菌提高了冬小麦的抗旱性、促进了植株生长 ,并增加了根 /冠比值 .试验结果还表明 ,接种VA菌根真菌可增加冬小麦对水分的有效利用 ,提高了水分利用效率     

玉米双行交错稀植种植方式的增产机理研究

为了探索通过改变种植方式减少玉米增密后对玉米植株产生的不利影响。以‘郑单958'为实验材料,本试验设置了等行距种植,宽窄行种植和双行交错稀植种植3种种植方式,设置3个处理：8.33万株/hm²,12.1万株/hm²和15.1万株/hm²,研究高产夏玉米合理的种植模式。本试验通过增加玉米种植密度,提高了根系干物质积累,增加了棒三叶总面积,提高玉米冠层顶部的日光截获率,将绝大部分的光截获并促使净光合速率(Pn)提前达到最大,在中午强光时进行午休,保护强光下的叶片光合系统免受破坏,进而显著地提高了玉米产量。双行交错种植(SHJC)比单行种植(DH)增产3402 kg/hm²,增产39.83%;比宽窄行种植(KZH)增产2774.7 kg/hm²,增产30.26%。双行交错种植在保证玉米群体数量的前提下,减少了单株的竞争,保障了个体发育潜力的发挥。双行交错种植方式显著改善了玉米群体的冠层光分布、提高了光合特性,提高了玉米产量;在本实验条件下,双行交错种植方式下15.1万株/hm²的玉米产量表现最佳。这为黄淮海地区玉米高产提供了科学合理的高产栽培模式。     

工质黏度对导叶式液力透平压力脉动特性的影响

为探究液力透平内压力脉动受工质黏性的影响,基于雷诺时均N-S方程和标准k-ε湍流模型,以带导叶的离心泵反转作液力透平为研究对象,选取清水及2种黏油作为对比工质进行三维瞬态数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行时域及频域分析.结果表明:清水工质下叶轮部分流道内存在和叶轮同向的非定常涡,而黏油工质下叶轮及尾水管内流场结构显著改善,黏性作用下,动静叶栅的相干作用仍是透平内压力脉动的主因.导叶内的平均压力脉动最强,叶轮内次之,尾水管内相对最弱,且此规律不受工质黏度影响.随着工质黏度的增大,各监测点的压力脉动峰峰值及最大压力脉动幅值均减小,且与导叶、尾水管内各测点主频及次主频幅值的变化趋势均同步,而与蜗壳、叶轮内各测点主频及次主频幅值的变化趋势差异较大,但与二者之和趋势吻合.同时,工质黏度越大,蜗壳、导叶和叶轮内各测点的时均静压越低.     

致病疫霉对缬菌胺抗性突变体生物学特性及抗性风险量化评估

 通过研究致病疫霉对缬菌胺抗性突变体的生物学特性,评估致病疫霉对缬菌胺产生抗性的风险。采用菌丝生长速率法检测田间菌株对缬菌胺的敏感性;通过比较抗性突变体在无药条件下继代培养前后对缬菌胺的敏感性来确定其抗性稳定性;采用离体叶片法测定抗性突变体及其亲本敏感菌株的适合度和竞争力;通过量化7个基本抗性因素的风险值评估致病疫霉对缬菌胺的基本抗性风险。结果表明:在2018年从内蒙、河北、贵州、四川、黑龙江等五省(自治区)采集分离的153个菌株和2019年从河北、内蒙采集分离的40个菌株中低抗菌株分别占31.4%和35.0%,敏感菌株分别占68.6%和65.0%,抗性指数均为0.34,抗性倍数分别为1.5和2.1,未发现中抗和高抗菌株;8个抗性突变体在无药条件下继代培养10代后,少数抗性突变体的抗药性不能稳定遗传;6个抗性突变体的适合度均显著低于其亲本敏感菌株;4个抗性突变体与其亲本菌株的孢子囊不同比率混合物分别在离体叶片上继代培养1、3、7代的抗性频率显著低于初始抗性频率或与初始抗性频率无显著差异;致病疫霉对缬菌胺7个基本抗性因素的风险值之和为9,推测致病疫霉对缬菌胺的基本抗性风险为低至中等。建议加强致病疫霉菌群体对缬菌胺的抗性监测,将缬菌胺与不同作用机理的杀菌剂交替或混合使用,以延缓抗药性产生和发展。     

Winter wheat yield estimation based on assimilated Sentinel-2 images with the CERES-Wheat model

Assimilating Sentinel-2 images with the CERES-Wheat model can improve the precision of winter wheat yield estimates at a regional scale. To verify this method, we applied the ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF) to assimilate the leaf area index(LAI) derived from Sentinel-2 data and simulated by the CERES-Wheat model. From this, we obtained the assimilated daily LAI during the growth stage of winter wheat across three counties located in the southeast of the Loess Plateau in China: Xiangfen, Xinjiang, and Wenxi. We assigned LAI weights at different growth stages by comparing the improved analytic hierarchy method, the entropy method, and the normalized combination weighting method, and constructed a yield estimation model with the measurements to accurately estimate the yield of winter wheat. We found that the changes of assimilated LAI during the growth stage of winter wheat strongly agreed with the simulated LAI. With the correction of the derived LAI from the Sentinel-2 images, the LAI from the green-up stage to the heading–filling stage was enhanced, while the LAI decrease from the milking stage was slowed down, which was more in line with the actual changes of LAI for winter wheat. We also compared the simulated and derived LAI and found the assimilated LAI had reduced the root mean square error(RMSE) by 0.43 and 0.29 m2 m–2, respectively, based on the measured LAI. The assimilation improved the estimation accuracy of the LAI time series. The highest determination coefficient(R2) was 0.8627 and the lowest RMSE was 472.92 kg ha–1 in the regression of the yields estimated by the normalized weighted assimilated LAI method and measurements. The relative error of the estimated yield of winter wheat in the study counties was less than 1%, suggesting that Sentinel-2 data with high spatial-temporal resolution can be assimilated with the CERES-Wheat model to obtain more accurate regional yield estimates.     

Follicle-stimulating hormone is expressed in ovarian follicles of chickens and promotes ovarian granulosa cell proliferation

Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), an important hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis(HPG) hormone, is secreted by the pituitary gland. This study confirms that FSH is expressed in chicken follicles at different stages, and positive FSHβ mRNA signals were stronger(P0.05) in granulosa cells than in oocytes. The 369 bp coding sequence of FSHβ in ovaries is 100% identical to that in the pituitary gland. The experiment in vitro revealed that the ovary possessed FSH secretory capacity. Further, FSHβ mRNA was significantly upregulated(P0.05) in follicles and significantly higher(P0.05) than that in the pituitary gland by approximately 2–23 times with the development. The number of granulosa cells decreased significantly(P0.05) in the cells with siRNA treatment, confirming that the ovarian FSH could promote granulosa cell proliferation. This view was supported by cell cycle analysis and CCND2 and CCNE2 expression. Further research indicated that no difference(P0.05) was observed between the number of granulosa cells treated with FSHβ siRNA and in exogenous FSH. However, the number of granulosa cells without FSHβ siRNA transfection was significantly higher(P0.05) for exogenous FSH. This finding suggests that the proliferative effect of exogenous FSH on ovarian granulosa cells depend on endogenous FSH. This study demonstrated that the FSH gene was expressed in chicken follicles and promoted ovarian granulosa cell proliferation, which enriched the theory on HPG axis.     

灌水量对强筋小麦上三叶氮素代谢和籽粒加工品质的影响

为探究强筋小麦上三叶氮素积累与转运特征及氮代谢酶活性、籽粒产量和加工品质对灌水量的响应，本研究选用中麦998和津农7号2个强筋小麦品种，分析了灌水量［春季不灌水（W₀）；春灌拔节水和开花水，每次250 m³·hm^-2（W₂₅）；春灌拔节水和开花水，每次500 m³·hm^-2（W₅₀）］对强筋小麦氮代谢酶活性、上三叶氮素积累与转运、籽粒蛋白质含量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率、面粉加工品质的影响。结果表明，在相同生育时期，NR和GS活性、花前氮素转运量及花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率均表现为旗叶>倒二叶>倒三叶；增加灌水量提高了籽粒、旗叶和倒二叶的NR和GS活性，但对倒三叶的NR活性影响不显著；W₂₅处理的旗叶开花期的氮素积累量和花前氮素转运量均显著高于其他2个处理，但倒二叶和倒三叶上述两个指标均以W₅₀处理最高；随灌水量的增加，蛋白质产量先上升后下降，籽粒产量增加，而水分利用效率显著降低；W₂₅处理的面筋指数、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力、延伸性和拉伸面积指标最优或位居第二。综上所述，拔节和开花期各灌水250 m³·hm^-2有利于强筋小麦旗叶花前氮素积累及其向籽粒再分配，有利于蛋白质含量、产量和水分利用效率的协同提高，可改善籽粒加工品质。     

茭白-鸭共作系统中氮平衡及经济效益分析

分析了单作茭白(CK)、茭白田放养鸭20只·667 m^-2(D20)、25只·667 m^-2(D25)、30只·667 m^-2(D30)等不同共作系统中氮素输入、输出与盈余(盈余=输入-输出),以及经济效益情况。结果表明:茭白-鸭共作系统中茭白平均产量为1 332.41 kg·667 m^-2,比单作茭白增产26.31%。单作茭白总氮输入为22.27 kg N·667 m^-2,其中化肥氮输入占到89.10%,产品氮输出为5.00 kg N·667 m^-2,占总氮输入的22.45%,氮盈余为17.27 kg N·667 m^-2,占总氮输入的77.55%,土壤氮残留为7.11 kg N·667 m^-2,损失为10.16 kg N·667 m^-2;茭白-鸭共作系统总氮输入平均为23.72 kg N·667 m^-2,其中化肥氮输入占65.13%,产品氮输出平均为7.65 kg N·667 m^-2,占总氮输入的32.24%,氮盈余平均为16.07 kg N·667 m^-2,占总氮输入的67.76%,土壤氮残留为7.18 kg N·667 m^-2,损失为8.89 kg N·667 m^-2。茭白-鸭共作系统投入成本平均为3 114 元·667 m^-2,比单作茭白高84.59%,主要是鸭饲料、围网、鸭舍等成本增加。茭白-鸭共作系统产品产值平均为6 568 元·667 m^-2,比单作茭白高55.64%。D25处理经济效益(经济效益=产品产值-投入成本)最高为3 589 元·667 m^-2,比CK处理高41.69%。综合考虑氮平衡和经济效益,本试验条件下,茭白田放养鸭25只·667 m^-2的共作系统的经济效益较高,并且氮素盈余和损失较少,可降低对环境的污染风险。