马胃蝇蛆病流行病学研究进展

马胃蝇蛆病是由马胃蝇幼虫寄生于马属动物胃肠道内所引起的一种慢性消耗性寄生虫病,导致宿主高度贫血、消瘦、中毒,严重时衰竭死亡。该病呈世界性分布,不同国家因地理位置、气候环境不同及是否广泛使用驱虫药,呈现出不同的流行规律。在中国主要流行于东北、西北及内蒙古等地,流行6种马胃蝇,以肠胃蝇、红尾胃蝇为优势虫种。文章主要对近些年国内外马胃蝇蛆病感染情况进行描述,总结流行规律,提出研究方向,以期为该病的防制提供参考。     

保水剂施用方式对土壤酶活性及马铃薯产量的影响

【目的】研究不同保水剂施用方式对内蒙古西部半干旱偏旱地区土壤酶活性及马铃薯产量的影响,以筛选出合适的保水剂及施用方式。【方法】以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和聚丙烯酸钾(PAA-K)为材料,设不施保水剂(CK)、穴施PAM、沟施PAM、穴施PAA-K、沟施PAA-K 5个处理,分析不同保水剂及其施用方式下马铃薯不同生育时期、不同土层土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性和产量的变化。【结果】土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随马铃薯生育时期的推进呈现"单峰"曲线变化,均于马铃薯块茎膨大期达峰值。与CK相比,施用保水剂处理均能提高土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,且对于同一种保水剂,穴施处理提高幅度大于沟施处理。在马铃薯块茎膨大期,穴施PAM、穴施PAA-K、沟施PAM、沟施PAA-K处理0~10cm土层的土壤过氧化氢酶活性较对照分别提高了12.92%,11.97%,9.06%和6.02%,土壤脲酶活性较对照分别提高了12.38%,2.33%,0.86%和0.31%,土壤蔗糖酶活性较对照分别提高了22.99%,17.03%,20.50%和18.34%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随土层的增加逐渐降低。与CK相比,施用保水剂显著提高了马铃薯产量和商品薯率,降低了小薯率。穴施PAM、穴施PAA-K、沟施PAM、沟施PAA-K分别较对照增产12.08%,10.45%,7.37%和5.22%。【结论】施用保水剂PAM、PAA-K均提高了土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性及马铃薯产量和商品薯率,降低了小薯率,其中穴施PAM效果最好。     

山羊卵母细胞体外成熟因素的研究

建立和优化山羊卵母细胞体外成熟的培养体系,对山羊卵母细胞的采集方法、割卵液种类、培养液添加血清种类等因素进行了研究.结果显示切剖法与抽吸法对山羊卵母细胞的成熟有显著差异(P<0.05);割卵液DMEM/F-12与PBS+BSA对山羊卵母细胞的成熟有极显著差异(P<0.01);添加EGS(自然发情)、EGS(PG诱导发情)、FBS对山羊卵母细胞的成熟有极显著差异(P<0.01).结论:切剖法能更好地支持卵母细胞的成熟;DMEM/F-12作为割卵液,能显著提高卵母细胞的成熟率;自然发情的山羊血清对卵母细胞的成熟效果最好,同种血清对卵母细胞的成熟效果要好于异种血清.     

鱼油乳状液的制备及其流变特性研究

采用食品级Span系列乳化剂和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)水溶液经超声乳化制备鱼油乳状液,比较了乳化剂、CMC浓度、油水比、超声乳化次数等工艺参数对鱼油乳液稳定性的影响,确定了最佳工艺参数:鱼油和Span80(质量比9:1)为油相,0.5%CMC溶液为水相,油水比1:2,超声乳化10次(每次超声5 s、间歇5 s).上述条件制备的乳液,静置24 h和3000 r·min-1离心5 min平均相对体积分别为99.78%和98.32%.显微镜下观察形态均一,乳液平均粒径约为5μm.稳态扫描结果表明鱼油乳液呈现典型的剪切变稀流变行为,频率扫描结果表明鱼油乳液具有一定的粘弹性.     

Meniscal Mineralization in Domestic Cats

Objective: To (1) determine prevalence of radiographically detectable meniscal mineralization in domestic cats and (2) to evaluate the association between meniscal mineralization and degenerative joint disease (DJD). Study Design: Prospective study. Animals: Client‐owned cats (n=100) and 30 feline cadavers. Methods: Randomly selected client‐owned cats were used to determine the prevalence of meniscal mineralization. Stifles from feline cadavers were used to evaluate the relationship between meniscal mineralization (using high‐resolution X‐ray), radiographic DJD, and cartilage damage. Menisci were evaluated histologically. Results: Forty‐six percent of the client‐owned cats had meniscal mineralization detected in 1 or both stifles. Pain scores were not significantly different between stifles with meniscal mineralization and those with no radiographic pathology (P=.38). Thirty‐four of 57 cadaver stifles had meniscal mineralization, which was always located in the cranial horn of the medial meniscus. Percentage mineralization of the menisci was significantly correlated with the cartilage damage score of the medial femoral (r²=0.6; P<.0001) and tibial (r²=0.5; P<.0001) condyles as well as with the total joint cartilage damage (r²=0.36; P<.0001) score and DJD score (r²=0.8; P<.0001). Conclusion: Meniscal mineralization is a common condition in domestic cats and seems to indicate medial compartment DJD. Clinical Relevance: Clinical significance of meniscal mineralization is uncertain. Further work is needed to determine if the meniscal mineralization is a cause, or a consequence of joint degeneration.     

西藏牦牛遗传资源保护与利用

牦牛是我国丰富多样的畜种资源中重要的畜种之一,在遗传上是一个极为宝贵的基因库。本文阐述了西藏牦牛遗传资源的保种方法和利用途径,有助于西藏畜牧业的可持续发展。     

露地番茄品种比较试验

引进12个番茄品种并对其丰产性、商品性和适口性进行比较试验。试验结果表明：在参试的12个品种中,综合性状最好的是‘毛粉812’,其次是‘春秋粉宝’,表现丰产、整齐度高、果形端正等,适合本地区栽植,有很好的推广价值,应加大推广力度;‘新选906’为自封顶类型,商品果小,产量低且综合性状差,不适合在春季露地栽培。     

钾营养对莲藕产量形成和氮磷钾养分累积分配的影响

【目的】研究钾营养对莲藕产量形成及氮磷钾养分积累与分配的影响。【方法】采用盆栽试验,设置不施钾（-K）和施钾（+K）处理进行全生育期试验。【结果】莲藕移栽76 d后,+K处理叶片和叶柄干物质累积量明显高于-K处理,并均在97 d膨大茎成型后逐渐降低;膨大茎干物质累积速率和累积量在早期为+K处理低于-K处理,97 d后+K处理的干物质累积速率明显加快,其累积量于139 d明显高于-K处理,160 d不同处理膨大茎干物质累积量趋于稳定,+K处理为1 204 g/株,比-K处理高19.7%。在97—160 d产量形成关键期,膨大茎中氮、磷和钾的累积量,+K处理比-K处理分别高32.8%、10.3%和74.2%,其中来自其它器官转移的氮、磷和钾,+K处理比-K处理分别高1.20、0.12和1.26 g/株,来自根系直接从土壤中吸收转运的氮、磷和钾,前者比后者高2.16、0.04和5.70 g/株。莲藕氮、磷、钾累积总量之比-K处理为1﹕0.14﹕0.90,+K处理为1﹕0.13﹕1.31。【结论】钾营养促进莲藕干物质生产和累积、促进根系对养分的吸收并提高莲藕各器官尤其是叶柄中钾的含量,在生育后期促进干物质和养分从叶片等器官转移并贮存到膨大茎中并最终增产。     

Isolation,partial identification and application of diazotrophic rhizobacteria from traditional Indian rice cultivars

A diversity of N₂-fixing (diazotrophic) bacteria was isolated from two traditional rice cultivars, Sataria and Kartiki, from the rice growing area of Mithila region of North Bihar, India, where low levels of nitrogen fertilizers are applied. Nitrogen-free semisolid media NFb, JMV and LGI with different carbon sources and pH-values were used for enrichment and isolation of root-associated diazotrophs. The colonization density of roots by diazotrophs, as estimated from positive pellicle formation at highest dilution in nitrogen-free enrichment media, was 10⁶–10⁸ diazotrophic bacteria per g fresh root weight. Roots of the cultivar Kartiki were found to be more densely colonized endophytically by diazotrophs as detected after chloramine T (1%) surface disinfection. To ascertain the phylogenetic affiliation of the isolates, phylogenetic oligonucleotide probes and the Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) technique were applied. Using group-specific rRNA directed oligonucleotide probes, the majority of the isolates could be identified as alpha-, beta-, or gamma-proteobacteria. Using 16S and 23S rRNA-directed genus- or species-specific probes, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Azospirillum amazonense, Burkholderia cepacia/vietnamiensis, Rhizobia and Pseudomonas spp. were found to be the most prominent root associated culturable diazotrophs. Diazotrophic Gluconacetobacter spp. were also demonstrated as colonizers of rice roots. Burkholderia cenocepacia, Pseudomonas sp. and three diazotrophic PGPR reference strains were used for the inoculation of axenically grown rice seedlings to determine the plant growth promoting potential. Significant increases in the shoot length (up to 60%), shoot dry weight (up to 33%) and the grain yield (up to 26%) per plant were observed in non-axenic pot and field trials. Using semisolid enrichment media after surface sterilization of field grown inoculated rice roots and oligonucleotide probing of the diazotrophic enrichment cultures, a sustainable colonization with the inoculated bacteria could be demonstrated.     

土地利用方式对球囊霉素土层分布的影响

球囊霉素对维持土壤有机碳平衡和土壤团聚体稳定性具有明显作用,但不同土地利用方式下土壤球囊霉素的土层分布模式及其影响因素尚不清楚.本研究选取农田、人工草地、果园和撂荒地4种不同土地利用方式,分别采集0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm和30～40 cm 4个土层土样,通过测定土壤球囊霉素.pH、速效磷、有机碳和蛋白酶活性,研究不同土地利用方式下土壤球囊霉素土层分布的模式及影响因素.结果表明,土壤球囊霉素平均含量为1.41～3.18 mg·g-1,占土壤有机碳的6.98%～31.34%,是土壤中的一个重要碳库.土壤球囊霉素在不同土地利用方式和土层剖面之间表现出显著差异(P<0.01),具有明显的垂直分布特征,除撂荒地外,其随土层深度的增加表现出降低趋势.土壤球囊霉素分别与土壤速效磷、蛋白酶呈显著正相关(P<0.01).土壤速效磷在很大程度上决定土壤球囊霉素的含量和分布.土壤球囊霉素含量和土壤蛋白酶活性之间为间接相关关系,该关系有待于进一步研究.建议把球囊霉素作为研究丛枝菌根真菌生长状况和土壤生态系统波动的一个重要指标.