Effects of Brans from Specialty Sorghum Varieties on In Vitro Starch Digestibility of Soft and Hard Sorghum Endosperm Porridges

Brans of specialty sorghum varieties (high tannin, black, and black with tannin) were used to investigate the effects of sorghum phenolic compounds on starch digestibility of soft and hard sorghum endosperm porridges. Endosperms of varieties with the highest and lowest grain hardness index were mixed with brans of specialty sorghum varieties in the ratio of 85:15 and cooked into porridges with distilled water using a Rapid Visco Analyzer. Brans of condensed tannin containing sorghum varieties (high‐tannin and black with tannin sorghums) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased starch digestibility and estimated glycemic index (EGI) and increased resistant starch (RS) content of endosperm porridges. However, the addition of phenolic‐rich tannin‐free (mostly anthocyanins) black sorghum bran significantly (P < 0.05) increased starch digestibility and EGI but did not affect RS content of endosperm porridges. The disparate effects with black bran may, in part, result from its larger particle size and different bran structure compared with other sorghum varieties evaluated. Thus, our study showed that not only presence of phenolic compounds in the brans but also structural differences of specialty sorghum brans can have significant effects on starch digestibility.     

死亡识别化学信号相关术语的标准化

对同类的死亡作出响应并非人类独有,昆虫与其他动物也会面对同类死亡作出相近反应。在过去的几十年,大量与死亡相关的文章相继发表,直至2018年,研究人员整合了所有相关研究并提出了一个新的研究领域——进化死亡学,旨在从进化的角度综合研究人类及其他动物的死亡过程与影响。死亡相关化学物质的研究在该领域的形成和发展过程中发挥了重要作用。在进化死亡学这样的跨学科研究领域,往往会出现由于专业术语不统一而阻碍其发展的现象,因此,专业术语的标准化就显得尤为重要。该文将循证系统评价和荟萃分析中的首选报告项目（Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis,PRISMA）与关键词共现联合分析相结合,对已发表文献中死亡相关化学物质的术语进行了整理和量化分析,总结和探讨了相关术语使用中的主要问题,并对未来相关术语的标准化使用提出了建议。结果表明在已存在可用相关术语的情况下,其他术语仍不断被创造和引入;同一领域内不同术语用于描述相同的概念;相同术语用于描述其他领域的不同概念。由于现有术语已足够描述可能出现的死亡相关化学物质,且目前...     

Simple method for the perfusion-fixation of adult bovine brain

It is widely accepted that the vascular perfusion of a tissue leads to its optimal fixation for ultrastructural examination, but the technique has been applied with little success in large animals such as cattle. This paper describes a simple and highly reproducible method for the perfusion-fixation of adult bovine brain. The carotid arteries are cannulated and the perfusate is introduced by means of a peristaltic pump. The inclusion of toluidine blue in the fixative makes it possible to assess the success of the technique, and prevents the costly and time-consuming processing of material which is suboptimally fixed. The method is potentially valuable for the examination of a wide range of neurological conditions in large domestic animals at an ultrastructural level in optimally fixed material.