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OBJECTIVE: To isolate and characterize the eighth component of the complement system (C8) in cattle. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fresh plasma obtained from beef cattle. PROCEDURES: Plasma samples were fractionated, using sequential precipitation and ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography, to yield C8. The protein was identified throughout the procedure on the basis of its hemolytic function. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels was used to determine molecular weight and composition of polypeptide chains. Reconstitution of classical and alternative complement pathways was used to characterize the hemolytic function of bovine C8. RESULTS: The bovine C8 protein consisted of a disulfide-bonded alpha-gamma heterodimer that was noncovalently associated with a beta chain. Apparent molecular weight of the alpha, beta, and gamma chains under reducing conditions were 66, 61, and 23 kd, respectively. In the classical pathway of activation, bovine C8 and the ninth component of the complement system (C9) had species incompatibility with human C8 and C9 on sheep erythrocyte target cells. CONCLUSIONS: A simple 4-step fractionation procedure provided good yield of bovine C8 from plasma. The isolated protein was structurally comparable to C8 from other species. Purified bovine C8 may be useful in functional hemolytic assays to investigate the roles of complement-mediated lysis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and the killing of susceptible microorganisms. 相似文献
13.
Matthew W. Miller DVM Dipl ACVIM Sonya G. Gordon DVM Dipl ACVIM Ashley B. Saunders DVM Dipl ACVIM Wendy G. Arsenault DVM Dipl ACVIM Kathryn M. Meurs DVM Dipl ACVIM Linda B. Lehmkuhl DVM Dipl ACVIM John D. Bonagura DVM Dipl ACVIM Philip R. Fox DVM Dipl ACVIM Dipl ECVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2006,8(2):109-114
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Tolerance of snakehead Channa striatus to ammonia was tested at three pH levels (8.0, 9.0. and 10.0) in experimental tanks. At pH 8.0, ammonia LC50 estimates for snakehead at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were >205.7, >203.5, 152.6, and 107.3 mg total ammonianitrogen (TAN)/L (or >10.3, >10.2, 7.6, and 5.4 mg NH3 -N/L), respectively. At pH 9.0, ammonia LC50 estimates at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were >52.4, 62.8, 56.1, 43.4 mg TAN/L (or >18.0, 21.6, 19.3, and 14.9 mg NH3 -N/L), respectively. At pH 10.0, ammonia LC50 estimates at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 25.7, 21.6, 20.3, and 18.7 mg TAN/L (or 21.6, 18.1, 17.1, and 15.7 mg NH3 -N/L). respectively. Our data indicate that the tolerance of snakehead to ammonia was associated with pH. Thus, we recommend that snakehead should not be subjected to prolonged exposures of NH3 -N concentration more than 0.54 ma at pH 8.0, more than 1.49 mg/L at pH 9.0, or more than 1.57 mg/L at pH 10.0. 相似文献
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Menger K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1937,85(2210):456-458
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one class of chemical compounds that (1) are present at low to trace levels in unburned cigarette filler, and (2) are predominantly generated during combustion. According to a recent report of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 10 carcinogenic PAHs together with 53 other known carcinogens are present in cigarette smoke. Accurate quantification of these chemicals helps assess public health risk to both smokers and nonsmokers exposed to second-hand smoke. We have developed and validated a specific and sensitive method for measuring these 10 carcinogenic PAHs in the particulate phase of mainstream tobacco smoke. Cigarette smoke particulate, produced using standard machine smoking protocols, was collected on glass fiber Cambridge filter pads. The particulate matter was solvent extracted, purified by solid-phase extraction, and analyzed by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry using isotopically labeled analogues as internal standards. Our method's limits of detection ranged from 11 to 166 pg and achieved sufficient reproducibility and accuracy to provide useful information on a range of cigarettes having dramatically different machine-smoked tar and nicotine deliveries. The identity of each PAH analyte was established from chromatographic retention time, analyte-specific fragmentation patterns, and relative peak area ratios of the product/precursor ion pairs. This new method provides higher sensitivity, specificity, and throughput than did earlier methods. We found relatively consistent PAH levels among a selection of domestic full-flavor cigarettes. The PAH levels in smoke from highly ventilated light and ultralight cigarettes were low when smoked using ISO (International Organization for Standardization) conditions. However, if highly ventilated cigarettes were smoked under more intense conditions (e.g., larger or more frequent puffs, vents blocked), their PAH levels equaled or exceeded their full-flavor counterparts under ISO conditions. 相似文献
19.
Wade T. Walker Robert J. Callan Ashley E. Hill Kelly B. Tisher 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2014,55(8):765-771
This study evaluated the effects of administering oral powder electrolytes on packed cell volume (PCV), plasma chemistry parameters, and incidence of colic in horses participating on a 6-day 162-km trail ride in which water was not offered ad libitum. Twenty-three horses received grain with powder electrolytes daily while 19 control horses received grain only. Horses were ridden approximately 32 km a day at a walk or trot. Packed cell volume and plasma chemistry parameters were analyzed daily. Episodes of colic were diagnosed and treated by a veterinarian unaware of treatment group allocation. Blood parameters and incidence of colic were compared between treatment groups. Electrolyte administration did not alter PCV or plasma chemistry parameters compared to controls. The incidence of colic was significantly higher in treated horses (P = 0.05). Oral powder electrolytes did not enhance hydration status or electrolyte homeostasis and may be associated with colic in horses participating on long distance trail rides similar to this model. 相似文献
20.
Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus), which are bottom dwelling and migratory fish, experience environmental hypoxia in their natural environment. Atlantic sturgeon,
acclimated to either 5 or 15°C, were subjected to a 1 h severe (<10 mm Hg) hypoxia challenge in order to document their physiological
responses. We measured hematological parameters, including O2 transport (hemoglobin, hematocrit), ionic (chloride, osmolality), and metabolic (glucose, lactate) variables under normoxic
conditions (~160 mm Hg), immediately following a 1 h exposure to hypoxic water, and following a further 2 h of recovery from
this challenge in normoxic water. In a second experiment, we assessed the opercular beat frequency before, during, and after
hypoxic exposure. Hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were significantly different between fish held at 5°C vs. 15°C
and also significantly different between normoxia prior to hypoxia and following recovery. Plasma lactate concentrations increased
following hypoxia at both temperatures, indicative of an increase in anaerobic metabolism. In contrast, a significant increase
in plasma glucose concentrations in response to hypoxia only occurred at 5°C, suggesting different fuel demands under different
temperatures. Changes in opercular beat frequency (OBF) were dependent on temperature. At 5°C, OBF increased upon exposure
to hypoxia, but returned to pre-exposure levels within 35 min for the remainder of the experiment. During hypoxia at 15°C,
OBF increased very briefly, but then rapidly (within 20 min) decreased to levels below control values. Following a return
to normoxia, OBF quickly increased to control levels. Overall, these findings suggest that Atlantic sturgeons are relatively
tolerant to short-term and severe hypoxic stress, and the strategies for hypoxia tolerance may be temperature dependent. 相似文献