水稻根茬-土壤复合体剪切特性试验

为了降低稻茬地少耕免耕过程中的阻力,提高作业质量,同时为破茬开沟装置提供设计依据,采用自制的剪切试验装置在万能材料试验机上对水稻根茬-土壤复合体进行了剪切试验,对根茬-土壤复合体含水率、土壤容重、根茬-土壤复合体的当量直径、剪切位置、剪切速度、切刃刃角、切刀刃口形状7个因素进行了单因素试验。在单因素试验的基础上选取根茬-土壤复合体含水率、剪切速度、切刃刃角3个因素进行了正交试验。单因素试验结果显示:极限剪切应力与复合体的含水率呈二次多项式函数关系,与土壤容重呈幂函数关系,与根茬-土壤复合体直径呈二次多项式函数关系,与剪切速度呈对数函数关系,剪切位置距离根茬中心越远极限剪应力越小,切刃刃角越小极限剪切应力也越小;在4种形状的刃口切刀中,凹圆弧切刃的极限剪切应力最小。正交试验结果表明:切割速度450 mm/min、含水率25%、切刃刃角15°时,极限剪切应力最小。     

基于物元分析法的土地健康评价——以湖北省枣阳市为例

针对综合指数评价法存在的信息遗漏及主观等问题,该文采用物元分析法对湖北省枣阳市土地健康水平进行评价。在诠释土地生态安全概念的基础上,基于“生态—经济—社会”模式和层次分析法构建土地健康评价的指标体系,运用物元分析方法构建土地健康评价的综合评判模型,并以湖北省枣阳市为例进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:吴店镇和七方镇土地处于健康状态,新市镇和太平镇土地处于不健康状态,其他8乡镇土地处于亚健康状态。根据评价结果,该文提出相关政策建议,从而为枣阳市土地的健康、可持续利用提供指导。      

Stable C and N isotope values of selected components of a tropical australian sugarcane ecosystem

The ¹³C and ¹⁵N values of sugarcane plant tissues, decomposing harvest residues, soil and the casts and body tissues of the earthwormPontoscolex corethrurus were determined. Little variation in ¹³C values was found between plant parts. The ¹³C values of the decomposing harvest residues declined and became more variable after 148 days of exposure in the field. In the decomposing residues, ¹³C values of the neutral detergent fibre fraction were similar to those of the whole tissues while those of the proximate lignin were more negative. The ¹⁵N values of the residues also declined over time after a short initial delay.P. corethrurus populations are more intimately associated with the roots of sugarcane than with the bulk soil. Tissue ¹³C values suggest that the earthworm diet is similar to or more enriched in¹³C than sugarcane tissues and is substantially more enriched than the soil C. Earthworm tissues have similar levels of¹⁵N enrichment to both the soil and plant tissues. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that this earthworm derives much of its assimilated C relatively directly from organic matter associated with the roots and decomposing harvest residues.     

杉木林下套种不同树种对土壤改良效应初探

为探讨复层异龄林营建初期对土壤物理结构和养分状况的影响,研究了浙西地区杉木林下套种不同树种土壤理化特征的变化。结果表明林下套种树种后林地土壤物理结构均得到不同程度的改善,土壤养分状况进一步好转。并运用多因素主成分分析方法,评价了不同复层林模式土壤养分含量规律,并将土壤养分状况的综合优势作了排序。其结果显示杉木林下套植的12种植物在种植初期对土壤养分改良效果较好的为麻栎、毛红椿、南天竺、十大功劳、红豆杉、椤木石楠和蚊母,其中麻栎和毛红椿改良效果最佳。     

Differential and successive effects of residue quality and soil mineral N on water-stable aggregation during crop residue decomposition

Residue quality has been shown to influence soil water-stable aggregation (WSA) during crop residue decomposition, but there is still little information about its interactive effect with soil mineral N availability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of soil mineral N on WSA during the decomposition of two high-C/N crop residues (wheat straw with C/N = 125.6 and miscanthus straw with C/N = 311.3). The two crop residues were combined with three mineral N addition rates (0, 60, and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil). Respiration, soil mineral N content, and WSA (expressed as mean-weight diameter, MWD) were measured on several dates during a 56-d incubation. The effect of decomposing crop residues on WSA followed two phases. (i) Between 0 and 7 d, the increase in WSA was related to intrinsic residue quality with higher decomposability of the wheat straw resulting in higher WSA. (ii) Thereafter, and until the end of the experiment, mineral N addition rates had a predominant but negative influence on WSA. In this second phase, the average MWD of residue-treated soils was 0.92, 0.55, and 0.44 mm for the 0, 60 and 120 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil addition rates, respectively. Mineral N addition which did result in higher crop residue decomposition did not lead to higher WSA. WSA during crop residue decomposition is therefore not simply positively related to the induced microbial activity, and changes in microbial community composition with differential effects on WSA must be involved. The impact of high-C/N crop residues inputs on WSA, initially assumed to be low, could actually be strong and long-lasting in situations with low soil mineral N content.     

村务管理专业学生的教育管理研究

随着国家乡村振兴战略的深入实施,村务管理专业学生招生规模迅速扩大,教育管理对乡村振兴发展、学院建设、个人成长具有重要意义.从分析学生的特点和教育管理现状入手,阐述了抓好村务管理专业学生教育管理的重要意义,提出把好招考入学、教书育人、考察使用关口,做好学院内部与外部管理结合、教育管理与精准服务结合、依法依规与沟通交流结合、教育引导与更新观念结合、宣传表彰与惩戒警示结合,加强学生的教育管理工作.     

在黄海北部首次发现短鳍

短鳍 Kyphosus lembus (Cuvier et valenciennes)为热带和亚热带海水鱼类,在我国南海和东海已有记录.1998年8月在辽宁省长海县海域采到标本1尾,系黄渤海区鱼类新记录.     

基于GIS和NFM的鄱阳湖地区经济林地的适宜性评价

土地资源是制约经济增长和改善人民生活最严重的"瓶颈",为了让有限的土地资源得到充分、合理的利用,系统开展区域土地资源空间优化配置的研究是一项十分迫切的任务,而进行经济林用地适宜性评价是土地资源优化配置的重要内容,对制定土地利用规划、进行林业结构调整、保护区域生态环境、实现区域资源环境可持续发展具有重要意义。     

国外苗木质量研究进展

上世纪70年代至90年代末, 国外有关苗木质量的综述很多。经过10多年的研究, 人们对根体积、侧根数、矿质营养等形态和生理指标与苗木造林效果的关系有了更为深刻的认识。文中在这些综述的基础上, 结合最近的研究进展, 对国外苗木质量的研究现状和未来发展趋势进行了综述。针对评价苗木质量的各项指标, 分析了其测定方法和评价苗木质量的能力, 并系统探讨了苗木质量、立地条件和造林效果之间的关系。     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the CrDAT gene and selection of transgenic periwinkle lines with a high vincristine accumulation

Catharanthus roseus contains vincristine and vinblastine, which are outstanding drugs for cancer. In the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) in C. roseus, deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase (DAT) is a key enzyme that catalyses the last reaction of vindoline biosynthesis to form vinblastine and vincristine. In this study, the CrDAT transgene was transferred into the periwinkle by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and generated transgenic periwinkle lines with an increase in vincristine accumulation. The C. roseus DAT gene was introduced into C. roseus plants and it was confirmed that CrDAT was successfully transferred into the genome of periwinkle plants and efficiently translated to synthesise recombinant DAT protein. Four transgenic periwinkle lines in T1 generation, T1-1, T1-3, T1-6, and T1-7, expressed recombinant DAT protein with the total protein content in the range of 2.86 μg.mg^?1 to 5.12 μg.mg^?1. Moreover, the vincristine contents of four transgenic lines increased by 1.63?2.48-fold compared to non-transgenic plants, ranging from 6.91 µg.g^?1 (fresh weight) to 10.53 µg.g^?1 (fresh weight). The T1-1 line had the highest vincristine content. Hence, the overexpression of the recombinant DAT protein can improve the vincristine accumulation of transgenic C. roseus plants.

Abbreviation: CrDAT - Catharanthus roseus Deacetylvindoline-4-O-Acetyl Transferase; D4H - Deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase; ELISA - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Monoterpene indole alkaloid; T0, T1 - Generations of transgenic plants; TIAs - Terpenoid indole alkaloids; WT- The wild-type tobacco plants (non transgenic plant); 35S - Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter