Allergen-specific ELISA for horse IgE

An enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring horse IgE specific to ovalbumin, bencylpenicilloic acid and odinitrocarboxyphenol is described. We used a sandwich type of ELISA by which horse serum was incubated in antigen-coated tubes containing one additional polystyrene ball, followed by rabbit anti horse IgE serum. The tubes were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti rabbit globulin followed by avidin coupled to phosphatase. Endpoint titrations were compared. The ELISA is highly reproducible due to the pretreatment of the polystyrene with glutaraldehyde. The increased antigen surface area led to a higher sensitivity of the test. The assay can be easily modified for the measurement of other Ig classes and of IgE of other antigen specificities.     

The ECVP/ESVP summer school in veterinary pathology: high-standard, structured training for young veterinary pathologists

This article describes the ECVP/ESVP Summer School in Veterinary Pathology, a new annual two-week European training facility established by the European College of Veterinary Pathologists (ECVP) in collaboration with the European Society of Veterinary Pathology (ESVP). The aim of the Summer Schools is to provide Europe-wide, harmonized, top-standard theoretical and practical post-graduate training for veterinarians specializing in veterinary pathology. In particular, it aims to support trainees in veterinary pathology in their individual preparation for the ECVP certifying examination. Ultimately, it aims to provide young pathologists with the skills and knowledge necessary to participate in international, high-quality research and the tools for applying international standards to their own research and for independent study for the ECVP certifying examination, even if they do not work in comparable academic environments and do not have the same level of local support and training. The ECVP/ESVP Summer Schools take place in European countries, with local organization from a university department of veterinary pathology. Each event comprises modules provided by internationally recognized specialists in their specific fields of expertise on different organ systems, diseases of specific species, specific techniques, and specific topics relevant to pathology, forming a cycle of four events to cover all major topics. Every two years a mock exam is organized as a tool to monitor individual progress in preparing for the ECVP certifying examination.     

Analysis of systematic and genetic effects on the prevalence of primary cataract, persistent pupillary membrane and distichiasis in the two color variants of English Cocker Spaniels in Germany

Genetic parameters were estimated for prevalences of primary cataract (CAT), persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) and distichiasis (DIST) in 615 single-colored and 617 multi-colored English Cocker Spaniels (ECS) bred in the German kennel club for Spaniels (Jagdspaniel-Klub e.V.). CAT or CAT diagnosed in dogs up to three and a half years of age (early-onset cataract, CAT-early) and CAT diagnosed in dogs over three and a half years of age (late-onset cataract, CAT-late), PPM and DIST were included as binary traits in multivariate genetic analyses. Heritabilities on the underlying liability scale were 0.15 for CAT, 0.34 for CAT-early, 0.13 for CAT-late, 0.46 for PPM, and 0.62 for DIST in single-colored ECS and 0.06 for CAT, 0.13 for CAT-early, 0.14 for CAT-late, 0.10 for PPM, and 0.61 for DIST in multi-colored ECS. There were indications for a different genetic basis of CAT-early and CAT-late in single-colored ECS as genetic correlations were close to zero. In multi-colored ECS, a similar tendency for CAT-early and CAT-late could be observed.     

The implementation of the broth microdilution method to determine bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents

The determination of quantitative data (minimal inhibitory concentrations [MIC values]) using the broth microdilution method is considered the method of choice for in-vitro susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens. For the inoculation of microtiter plates used in the broth microdilution method, an inoculation density of 5x10(5) CFU/ml has to be achieved according to the CLSI standard. In this study, it was shown that the requested CFU/ml corresponded to an optical density of 0.00027 of a bacterial suspension determined in a spectrophotometer at 625 nm (OD625).The comparison of susceptibility data of clinical isolates determined by agar disk diffusion and, in parallel, by broth microdilution confirmed the comparability of both methods. For most antibiotics the frequency of "very major errors" was below 10%. However, a higher frequency of errors was observed for combinations of antimicrobial agents and bacteria for which no valid breakpoints are available. The comparative testing of cephalothin showed a frequency of"very major errors" of 20.3% for staphylococci and 18.4% for Enterobacteriaceae; for apramycin the frequency of "major errors"was found to be 46.0% for Enterobacteriaceae. The reference strains as recommended in the CLSI Standard M31-S1 should be used for quality assurance.     

Comparison of three methods for the detection of Potato virus Y in seed potato certification

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Potato virus Y (PVY) is becoming increasingly important in potato growing regions worldwide. The main reason for this is an increase in the incidence of...     

Herbivore and pollinator responses to grassland management intensity along experimental changes in plant species richness

Agricultural intensification is a major driver of global environmental change. Disentangling the relative impact of losses in plant species richness and intensified management on higher trophic level organisms is important for conservation recommendations.We established different management regimes along an experimental gradient of plant species richness within “The Jena-Experiment” in Germany and quantified herbivory as well as grasshoppers and pollinators. Herbivory, grasshopper density and species richness and frequency of flower visiting pollinators were recorded two times in each of four subplots of altogether 80 plots differing in plant species richness. Each of the four subplots was subject to four different levels of fertilizer application and mowing to simulate very low, low, high and very high land use intensity.Fertilization and mowing significantly affected plant–herbivore interactions but plant species richness had no discernible effect. Grasshoppers were most abundant at high intensity subplots (3.1 individuals per m²) and least abundant on very low intensity subplots (1.3 individuals per m²). Leaf damage caused by herbivores was highest in even the very high intensity subplots (3.7%) with four mowing events per year and high amounts of fertilizer application and lowest on subplots with a low management intensity (2.4%) comprising two mowing events per year but no fertilizer application. In contrast, pollinators benefited most from lower management intensities, with only one or two mowing events and no fertilizer addition. In addition, higher numbers of flowering plant species and increased blossom cover was associated with enhanced pollinator species richness and flower visitation.Our results indicate that even in grasslands with high plant species richness, mowing and fertilization are more important drivers of herbivory and flower visitation by pollinators. Management with no more than two cuts per year and without fertilizer application in our grasslands balanced the ecosystem functions of increased pollination and decreased herbivory.     

24(S)-Saringosterol Prevents Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model for Alzheimer’s Disease

We recently found that dietary supplementation with the seaweed Sargassum fusiforme, containing the preferential LXRβ-agonist 24(S)-saringosterol, prevented memory decline and reduced amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model without inducing hepatic steatosis. Here, we examined the effects of 24(S)-saringosterol as a food additive on cognition and neuropathology in AD mice. Six-month-old male APPswePS1ΔE9 mice and wildtype C57BL/6J littermates received 24(S)-saringosterol (0.5 mg/25 g body weight/day) (APPswePS1ΔE9 n = 20; C57BL/6J n = 19) or vehicle (APPswePS1ΔE9 n = 17; C57BL/6J n = 19) for 10 weeks. Cognition was assessed using object recognition and object location tasks. Sterols were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Aβ and inflammatory markers by immunohistochemistry, and gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. Hepatic lipids were quantified after Oil-Red-O staining. Administration of 24(S)-saringosterol prevented cognitive decline in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice without affecting the Aβ plaque load. Moreover, 24(S)-saringosterol prevented the increase in the inflammatory marker Iba1 in the cortex of APPswePS1ΔE9 mice (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 24(S)-saringosterol did not affect the expression of lipid metabolism-related LXR-response genes in the hippocampus nor the hepatic neutral lipid content. Thus, administration of 24(S)-saringosterol prevented cognitive decline in APPswePS1ΔE9 mice independent of effects on Aβ load and without adverse effects on liver fat content. The anti-inflammatory effects of 24(S)-saringosterol may contribute to the prevention of cognitive decline.