1. The aim of this study was to describe the role of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) receptor signalling in chicken.
2. Tissue-specific expression analysis of NOD1, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (MAPK11 or p38) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed their wide distribution in various organs and tissues.
3. Salmonella pullorum infection activated NOD1 receptor signalling in vivo and in vitro, resulting in significant induction of downstream signalling molecules RIPK2, NF-κB/p65, MAPK11/p38 and the effector molecules IL-1b and IL-8.
4. Activation of NOD1 by its agonist bacterial γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) in HD11 cells induced the adapter molecular RIPK2 and activated the NF-κB/p65 and MAPK11/p38 pathways, resulting in an increase in IL-8 but not IL-1β. Additionally, inhibition of NOD1 using NOD1-shRNA resulted in downregulation of RIPK2, MAPK11 and IL-8, while NF-κB/p65 and IL-1β were unaltered.
5. These results highlight the important role of NOD1 receptors in eliciting the innate immune response following pathogenic invasion in chicken. 相似文献
Grazing by large mammals alters vegetation physiognomy, consequently changing habitat suitability for small mammal communities. We investigated the response of terrestrial small mammals to grazing by wild and domesticated ungulates at the boundary of a protected area (Telperion Nature Reserve) and surrounding cattle ranches in Mpumalanga, South Africa over two seasons. Fifteen paired grids were set on either side of the boundary fence at which small mammals were trapped in Sherman live traps placed flat on the ground. A total of 11 760 trap nights resulted in the capture of 187 animals belonging to 14 species (11 rodents, two shrews and one elephant shrew). The small mammal communities in grasslands grazed by domesticated or wild ungulates were similar in abundance, species richness, diversity and demographic parameters, likely due to the fact that vegetation structure of the two grazing systems was also similar. We used generalised linear models to show that rock and grass cover were plausible predictors of small mammal abundance in this system. Rock cover showed a positive relationship with small mammal abundance whilst grass cover showed a negative relationship. Our observations suggest that at the scale of our study and with the current stocking densities, wild and domesticated ungulates have similar impacts on the small mammal community. 相似文献
Extract A great deal of evidence has now accumulated that immunity to helminth infection is acquired following natural exposure. Although this immunity is not absolute, animals that have been exposed to infection and survived are able to tolerate a much heavier intake of infective larvae than animals that have never been exposed. 相似文献
Abstract Extract Infection by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is widespread in sheep in New Zealand and is recognized as the most common cause of intra-uterine infection leading to abortion and stillbirths (Hartley et al., 1954Hartley, W. J., Jebson, J. L. and McFarlane, D. 1954. New Zealand Type II Abortion in ewes. Aust. vet. J., 30: 216–218. [Google Scholar]; Hartley and Boyes, 1964Hartley, W. J. and Boyes, B. W.1964. Incidence of ovine perinatal mortality in New Zealand with particular reference to intra-uterine infections. N.Z. vet. J., 12: 33–36. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Google Scholar]). In view of the prevalence of this infection in New Zealand, trials were set up to investigate some aspects of the epidemiology of this perplexing disease. 相似文献
Extract This subject will be covered in three sections, first, a brief history of how the idea of using trained dogs to help the blind was conceived, then the present-day methods of training guide dogs, and, finally, how the blind person is trained with their guide dog to work together as a team. 相似文献
Abstract Extract Trimethoprim became generally available 3 years ago, following its original discovery as a unique antibacterial agent for combating diseases of both man and animals (Hitchings and Bushby, 1961Hitchings, G. H. and Bushby, S. R. M.5-Benzyl-2, 4-diaminopyrimidines a new class of systemic anti-bacterial agents. 5th Int. Congr. Biochem.Moscow. pp.165–165. [Google Scholar]; Pugsley et al., 1969Pugsley, D. G., Mwanje, L., Pearson, C and Blowers, R.1969. Use of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in tropical Africa: Typhoid fever; Salmonella typhi carriage and Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. Postgrad, med. J., 45: 95–99. Nov. 1969, Suppl.[Google Scholar]; McGuinness, 1969McGuinness, B. W.1969. A combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in upper respiratory infection. Postgrad, med. J., 45: 99–101. Nov. 1969, Suppl.[Google Scholar]; McCaig, 1970McCaig, J.1970. A clinical trial using trimethoprim-sulphadiazine in dogs and cats. Vet. Rec., 87: 265–265. [Google Scholar]; Barnett and Bushby, 1970Barnett, Margaret and Bushby, S. R. M.1970. Trimethoprim and the sulphonamides. Vet. Rec., 87: 43–51. [Google Scholar]; Rehm and White, 1970Rehm, W. F. and White, G.1970. A field trial with trimethoprim and sulphadoxine in bacterial diseases of cattle and pigs. Vet. Rec., 87: 39–42. [Google Scholar]; Craig 1972Craig, G. R.1972. The place of potentiated trimethoprim in the therapy of diseases of the skin in dogs and cats. J. small Anim. Pract., 13: 65–70. [Google Scholar]). 相似文献
Abstract Extract Mannosidosis, a lethal inherited neurological disease associated with a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-mannosidase (Hocking et al., 1972Greene, H. J., Leipold, H. W., Hibbs, C. M. and Kirkbridge, C. A.1974. Congenital osteopetrosis in Angus calves. J. Am. vet. med. Ass., 164: 389–395. [Google Scholar]) has been described clinically as affecting Angus calves usually in their firstyear of life (Whittem and Walker, 1957Hocking, J. D., Jolly, R. D. and Batt, R. D.1972. Deficiency of α-mannosidase in Angus cattle. Biochem. J., 128: 69–78. [Google Scholar]; Jolly, 1970Jolly, R. D.1970. Diagnosis and control of pseudolipidosis of Angus calves. N.Z. vet. J., 13: 228–229. [Google Scholar], 1975Jolly, R. D.1975. “Mannosidosis of Angus cattle: A prototype control program for some genetic diseases”. In Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, Edited by: Brandly, C. A. and Cornelius, C. E. Vol. 19, London and New York: Academic Press. In[Google Scholar]). Although it has been suspected as a significant cause of neonatal mortality in herds at risk, figures and diagnosis supporting such an hypothesis have not been available. 相似文献
Lymphocystis disease, affecting snake-skin gouramis (Trichogaster peltoralis) and blue gouramis (T. tricopterus), was diagnosed histologically in 2 shipments of imported tropical fish. Typical virus particles were readily demonstrated by electron microscopy in negatively stained preparations and in sectioned tissues. Attempts at viral isolation in 2 fish cell lines (RTG-2 and FHM) were unsuccessful as were attempts to transmit the infection to pearl gouramis (T. leeri). 相似文献
The activity of two betamethasone (BM) suspensions, which differed only in their solids:vehicle ratio, was examined in cattle. Two groups of 10 cows received by subcutaneous injection either 20ml of a 2mg/ml aqueous suspension of BM alcohol or 2ml of a 20mg/ml aqueous suspension. A further 10 cows served as a saline-treated control group. The mean peak plasma BM concentration was significantly higher in cows treated with 2mg/ml suspension. However, plasma BM levels tended to be maintained for longer by the 20mg/ml suspension. A depression of early morning cortisol levels, similar to that seen with other synthetic glucocorticoids, was recorded with both BM preparations; the depression outlasted the presence of BM. Plasma glucose levels and circulating neutrophil numbers were elevated by BM treatment, and the magnitude and duration of these changes was related to the solids:vehicle ratio of the injected suspensions. The more concentrated suspension was absorbed more slowly and thus produced effects of greater duration. 相似文献
This study was designed to investigate experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Three intravenously inoculated deer (dose 10µg–1000µg) developed miliary tuberculosis of the lungs and all died within 28 days of being infected. No clinical illnesses were observed in four subcutaneously (dose 1 uµg–100uµg) and three intratracheally (dose lµg–100µg) inoculated deer. At the conclusion of the experiment six weeks post inoculation, these seven animals reacted to 2 mg/ml of bovine purified protein derivative. The principal lesions in the intravenously inoculated deer were in the lungs which had multiple foci of necrosis containing very large numbers of acid fast bacilli. A gradation of changes was seen in the subcutaneously inoculated deer. The animal receiving the 1µg dose only had lesions at the injection site and the draining prescapular lymph node. Deer receiving higher doses also had histopathological changes in the lungs and liver. Microscopic changes in the intratracheally infected animals were restricted to the thoracic cavity. The ability of the deer to control infection was related to the route of inoculation. 相似文献