Effect of omeprazole paste on intragastric pH in clinically normal neonatal foals

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of omeprazole paste, a commonly used antiulcer drug, on intragastric pH in clinically normal neonatal foals. ANIMALS: 6 clinically normal foals between 5 and 14 days of age. PROCEDURE: Intragastric pH was recorded in each foal by use of a disposable antimony pH electrode with internal reference. Values for intragastric pH were recorded every 4 seconds by use of an ambulatory pH monitor. There were two 24-hour recordings of intragastric pH for each foal, with 24 hours between recordings. Foals were not administered any drugs during the first recording. Foals were administered omeprazole paste (4 mg/kg, PO) 1 hour after the start of the second recording. Mean pH was calculated for each hour of each 24-hour recording session. Hourly mean values were compared between the first and second 24-hour recordings. RESULTS: Complete data were obtained from 4 of 6 foals during the first 24-hour recording and 6 of 6 foals during the second 24-hour recording. Foals had significantly higher mean hourly intragastric pH for hours 2 to 22 following omeprazole administration, compared with corresponding hourly pH values in foals during the first recording. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Omeprazole paste can effectively increase intragastric pH in clinically normal neonatal foals within 2 hours after oral administration of the first dose and can be administered to neonatal foals at the rate of 4 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours.     

Bemerkenswerte Vitalitätsschwächung und Holzzersetzung an Rot-Buchen (Fagus sylvatica) durch den weitgehend unbekannten Schlauchpilz Hypoxylon cohaerens

In the years 2005 and 2006 several declining and recently died beech trees were investigated in a large city park in Dresden. The ascomycete Hypoxylon cohaerens, who is exclusively characterized as a saprophytic fungus by literature, was identified as a conspicuous cause of the disease. The symptoms of the infection, the morphologically and physiologically characteristics of the fungus in situ and in vitro as well as the factors of predisposition are presented in the article. Since H. cohaerens attains pathological importance and can be mistaken for some other ascomycetes, the distinguishing marks to related species are described. The changed importance of the fungus is evaluated for practice.     

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus Elicits a Hypersensitive Response in Tobacco and Secretes Hypersensitive Response-Inducing Protein(s)

ABSTRACT Strains of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, causal agent of bacterial ring rot of potato, showed marked differences in virulence on host plants. When infiltrated into tobacco leaves, virulent strains caused a rapid localized necrotic response (within 24 to 48 h) characteristic of the hypersensitive response (HR), whereas nonpathogenic strains did not. Concentrated cell-free culture supernatants (CCS) from virulent strains caused a necrotic reaction on tobacco, whereas CCS from nonpathogenic strains did not. The necrosis-inducing activity was heat stable and protease sensitive. Inhibitors of eukaryotic metabolism suppressed the necrotic reaction of tobacco to CCS. No necrotic response was observed when host plants were infiltrated with either cells or CCS from virulent strains. HR-inducing protein(s) from a virulent strain separated from the majority of other proteins on DEAE cellulose at 250 to 300 mM NaCl. Ammonium sulfate-precipitated proteins from a virulent strain produced a necrotic reaction at a total protein concentration of 18 mug/ml, whereas those from a nonpathogenic strain did not, even at a concentration of 180 mug/ml. We conclude that virulent strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus elicit a typical HR in tobacco and secrete proteinaceous elicitor(s) of the nonhost HR.     

松属线粒体基因序列变异研究

本研究利用ＰＣＲ和ＰＣＲ产物直接序列分析技术,获得了分属于松属（Ｐｉｎｕｓ）两个亚属Ｐｉｎｕｓ和Ｓｔｒｏｂｕｓ１２个松树种ｃｏｘＩ、ａｔｐ６和ｏｒｆ２５三个线粒体基因ＤＮＡ片段的序列。发现ｃｏｘＩ基因的ＤＮＡ序列在属内没有任何变异,但ａｔｐ６和ｏｒｆ２５在两个亚属间和亚属内出现了较多的碱基置换。这说明尽管裸子植物线粒体基因有较多的ＲＮＡ编辑（ＲＮＡｅｄｉｔｉｎｇ）存在,可促进ＤＮＡ序列的变异,但促进程度因不同基因而异。依据ａｔｐ６和ｏｒｆ２５所做的系统进化树不仅与分类结果一致,而且进一步表明了亚属内种间的亲缘关系。尽管线粒体基因序列变异比叶绿体和核ＤＮＡ变异小,线粒体基因编码序列变异仍适于研究裸子植物亚属甚至组间的系统进化关系。     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a straw flow system for fattening pigs: Housing and manure storage

Animal welfare and environmental protection are increasingly important. Housing systems must be found that offer animal welfare while minimizing the overall emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases. The straw flow system is an animal friendly housing system for fattening pigs, which can be operated economically on commercial farms. Emissions from conventional slurry based pig houses have been intensively studied, but more research is needed into straw based systems. In this study, we quantified emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases from a straw flow system with or without daily removal of slurry to an outside store. The effect of applying a solid cover during outside storage was also examined.

Emissions of NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and volatile organic C (VOC) from a commercial straw flow system for fattening pigs in Upper Austria were measured between June 2003 and March 2004. Emissions of CH₄ during housing were 1.24 and 0.54 kg CH₄ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal, respectively. The corresponding N₂O emissions amounted to 39.9 and 24.5 g N₂O per pig place per year, and NH₃ emissions to 2.10 and 1.90 kg NH₃ per pig place per year without and with daily manure removal. Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and NH₃, and of total greenhouse gases, from the straw flow system were lower than literature reference values for forced ventilated fully slatted floor systems. Daily removal of the manure to an outside store reduced emissions from the pig house.

Emissions during storage of pig slurry derived from a straw flow system were quantified between June 2004 and June 2005. Slurry was stored in pilot scale stores with or without a solid cover and emissions quantified by a large open dynamic chamber. The solid cover reduced NH₃ and greenhouse gas emissions by 30 and 50%, respectively. During cold climatic conditions stored pig manure emitted less NH₃ and greenhouse gases than when stored under warm climatic conditions. We recommend the use of separate emission factors for slurry storage in the colder and warmer periods in the national emission inventory, and the use of covers on pig slurry stores.

Overall, it is concluded that the straw flow system may combine recommendations of animal welfare and environmental protection.     

Weitere Beobachtungen an Kulturen vonPorphyridium cruentum (Ag.) Naeg. mariner Herkunft

Zusammenfassung In Kulturversuchen wurden die Nährstoffansprüche vonPorphyridium cruentum bei besonderer Berücksichtigung der zum guten Gedeihen für erforderlich gehaltenen Meerwasser- oder Meersalzzugabe und die Eignung verschiedener stickstoffhaltiger Verbindungen untersucht. Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich Hinweise zur Ökologie der Alge am natürlichen Standort ableiten.

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Summary By means of culture experiments investigations were made on the nutrient requirements ofPorphyridium cruentum with special regard to its presumed demand of sea-water or sea-salt supply. Futhermore nitrogenous substances were tested relative to their value as a nitrogen source. The results of these investigations gave a hint at the ecological conditions of this alga in its natural environment.

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Phorphyridium cruentum . , . .

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Zugleich Veröffentlichung aus der Forschungsstelle für Limnologie, Jena, der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.