载畜率对荒漠草原植物群落影响的研究

对不同载畜率下短花针茅荒漠草原植物群落特征进行比较,结果表明:不同植物种群的盖度对载畜率的响应不同,无芒隐子草盖度在轻度放牧区最大,栉叶蒿盖度在7月份、8月份分别以中度放牧区和轻度放牧区最大;短花针茅、冷蒿、阿氏旋花、细叶葱、木地肤随载畜率增大高度下降明显,猪毛菜高度在四个载畜率下差异均不显著;随着载畜率的增大,植物群落生物量呈下降趋势,且重度放牧与不放牧、轻度放牧有显著差异;随着载畜率的增大,建群种、优势种地位改变不明显,但一年生的猪毛菜重要值增大,在重度放牧区达到最大并占据优势地位;Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数均以轻度放牧区最大,Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数均为轻度放牧>中度放牧>重度放牧>不放牧,且不放牧与轻度放牧差异显著。     

Compatibility of turkey herpesvirus-infectious bursal disease vector vaccine with Marek's disease rispens vaccine injected into day-old pullets

Mixtures of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and Rispens poultry vaccines have been used worldwide for over 20 yr, mainly for vaccination of future layers and breeders. With increasing virulence of Marek's disease (MD) virus strains, vaccination strategies are evolving toward the use of vaccines combining HVT and Rispens. A single vaccination either in ovo or at 1 day of age with the HVT + infectious bursal disease (IBD) vector vaccine is efficient against IBD. However, with vaccination programs that include a hatchery administration of the HVT + IBD vaccine, additional protection against very virulent and very virulent-plus MD viruses is needed, especially for layers and breeders. This study looked at the combination of four commercially available Rispens vaccines with the HVT + IBD vector vaccine injected at 1 day of age. MD challenge tests that were superior to 90% in relative score in all the groups vaccinated with both vaccines showed that the mixture of HVT + IBD and Rispens vaccines had no effect on clinical protection against MD, and IBD challenge tests showed that the mixture of HVT + IBD and Rispens vaccines had no effect on clinical protection against IBD, which was equal to 100% protection in all the groups vaccinated with both vaccines.     

Correlations of measurements of subclinical claw horn lesions in dairy cattle

Measurements were made of the extent of sole and white line lesions on the claws of 115 Holstein-Friesian cows on at least three and at most 16 occasions, and some cows were followed up to their third lactation. All the measurements were made between 12 weeks before calving and 45 weeks after calving. In total, 1016 repeated observations were made. Correlations were calculated between pairs of claws, between types of lesion (sole and white line), and between pairs of the different measurements (number of lesions, proportion of the claw affected, maximum severity score and proportion of the claw affected weighted for severity). The outer hind claws had the greatest extent of lesions of both types. Spearman correlation coefficients and confidence intervals measured the strength of the association. All the associations between claws were positive, suggesting that the lesions did not occur in isolation. Sole and white line lesions were not associated at individual observation points. Lesions on the left and right claws were markedly similar, except for sole lesions on the two inner hind claws, and for white line lesions on the two outer hind claws.     

Ryegrass-based diet and barley supplementation: partition of nitrogenous nutrients among splanchnic tissues and hind limb in finishing lambs

Splanchnic metabolism of nitrogenous nutrients and their uptake by the hind limb were studied in finishing lambs receiving ryegrass harvested at grazing stage with or without barley supplementation. Six multicatheterized lambs (40.2 +/- 1.5 kg) were fed with frozen ryegrass (RG) at 690 kJ of ME intake (MEI) x d(-1) x BW(-0.75) and 20.8 g of N intake (NI)/d successively without and with barley supplementation (RG + B), according to a crossover design. Barley supplementation represented 21% of DM intake and increased the MEI and the NI by 32 and 24% respectively, (P < 0.01). In the ruminal fluid, barley increased acetate and butyrate concentrations by 21.2 and 49.6%, respectively (P < 0.04), without any effect on the ammonia concentration. Consequently, the net portal appearance (NPA) of ammonia was not modified, but the NPA of total amino acids (TAA; +38%) and nonessential amino acids (NEAA; +45%) was increased (P < 0.05) by barley supplementation. Taken individually, the NPA of the essential amino acids (EAA) was increased for isoleucine (+32%; P < 0.05), threonine (+151%; P < 0.03), and lysine (+26%; P < 0.06), with no effect for the other EAA. In contrast to what was observed at the PDV level, no significant alteration in the net hepatic amino acid flux was observed for TAA, EAA, NEAA, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), urea, and ammonia after barley supplementation, showing a relatively minor role of the liver in the regulation of the supply of amino acids to the peripheral tissues. However, taken individually, the net hepatic uptake of some NEAA involved in gluconeogenesis and/or ureagenesis was altered with barley supplementation: the alanine uptake was increased by 44% (P < 0.05), aspartate + asparagine (asx) uptake was decreased by 18% (P < 0.01), and glutamate + glutamine (glx) release tended (P < 0.10) to be increased by 208%. With barley supplementation, NI increased by 5 g of N/d, and net splanchnic release increased by 4.63 g of N/d. Consequently, the additional dietary N supply (together with energy supply) was nearly exclusively available to peripheral tissues as AA-N (N as amino acids), but no strong effect of this additional supply of AA to the hind limb could be demonstrated in terms of net AA hind limb fluxes. Consequently, barley supplementation of a ryegrass-based diet increased the net AA release by the splanchnic tissues, with little effect on the AA net uptake by the peripheral tissues.     

番鸭产蛋各期肝脂肪酸组成及AMPK信号通路基因表达研究

旨在探究产蛋各期番鸭肝腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）信号通路基因表达和肝脂肪酸组成,为番鸭肝脂质代谢应答产蛋提供机理研究。本研究选取开产前22周龄、产蛋初期30周龄、产蛋中期40周龄和产蛋末期60周龄母番鸭各15羽,全自动生化仪测定血脂水平,苏木精-伊红（HE）染色和油红O染色观察肝组织学结构,实时荧光定量PCR （qRT-PCR）检测肝AMPK通路基因表达,气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）检测产蛋各期肝脂肪酸组成。结果表明,总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、甘油三酯（TG）和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（VLDL-C）水平在40周龄显著高于22、30和60周龄（P<0.05）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平在30和40周龄显著低于22和60周龄（P<0.05）。肝HE和油红O染色切片显示,肝在22周龄呈实质状,至产蛋40和60周龄,肝脂滴沉积明显（P<0.05）。AMPKα1在22、30、40和60周龄呈本底低水平表达,并显著低于产蛋各期肉碱脂酰转移酶1（CPT1）和脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）的表达量（P<0.05）,FAS在22、40和60周龄均呈高水平表达（P<0.05）;羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶（HMGR）、肝细胞核因子4α（HNF4α）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1（ACC1）和固醇调控元件结合蛋白-1（SREBP1c）在40周龄表达量显著高于22和30周龄（P<0.05）。肝中饱和脂肪酸（SFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）主要由C16∶0、C18∶0、C18∶1和C20∶2 n-6构成,分别占总脂肪酸含量的32%、16%、30%和9%。C14∶0和C16∶0含量在40周龄显著高于22周龄（P<0.05）;C24∶0、C20∶2 n-6和PUFA含量在60周龄显著高于22和40周龄（P<0.05）。综上,番鸭产蛋期肝通过上调FAS等脂质合成基因表达,合成大量长链脂肪酸,沉积于肝,并增加血脂水平。     

生物质炭对橡胶园土壤酸度及交换性能的影响

为合理运用热带农业废弃物改良酸性土壤,采用室内培养试验研究了加入15 g/kg和45 g/kg的椰炭、蔗炭、胶炭和蕉炭对橡胶园土壤酸度及交换性能的影响。结果表明:除加入蔗炭15 g/kg在培养第9 d、30~60 d和蔗炭45 g/kg的处理在培养第45 d外,四种生物质炭在两种添加量下在各培养时间内土壤pH均显著高于对照,土壤p H提升效果为蕉炭胶炭椰炭蔗炭,且不同生物质炭处理之间土壤p H提升效果差异显著;除添加蔗炭15 g/kg的处理外,其余三种生物质炭两种加入量均显著降低了土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量,而土壤交换性氢仅在加入蔗炭45 g/kg和蕉炭15 g/kg、45 g/kg的处理上显著低于对照;此外,蕉炭、椰炭、蔗炭显著提高了土壤阳离子交换量和土壤盐基饱和度,但胶炭仅提高了土壤盐基饱和度。上述结果表明,蕉炭、胶炭、椰炭和蔗炭等热带农业废弃物生物质炭能提高橡胶园土壤p H,降低土壤交换性酸和交换性铝含量,从而改善橡胶园土壤酸度条件。同时,以上生物质炭也能提高土壤阳离子交换量和土壤盐基饱和度。可见,蕉炭、胶炭、椰炭和蔗炭等热带农业废弃物生物质炭可用于改良热带橡胶园酸性土壤,但不同种类生物质炭及其用量在土壤改良效果上存在差异。     

不同地区、不同部位羊驼毛品质性状的研究

本研究旨在了解不同地区、不同部位羊驼毛品质的差异,为羊驼选育及羊驼毛生产提供参考数据。采集新疆野生动物园、新疆阿勒泰、新疆阿克苏、山西、天津地区羊驼颌、颈、肩、侧、股、背、腹部位共636份毛样,进行平均纤维直径、毛丛长度、净毛率、单纤维强力、有髓毛含量、无髓毛含量等性状的测定,分析不同地区及不同部位毛品质性状的差异,并进行最小二乘分析。结果表明,不同地区羊驼毛平均纤维直径、白度、亮度、原毛油脂含量、净毛率、毛丛自然长度、单纤维强力、断裂伸长百分比、有髓毛含量、无髓毛含量均存在极显著差异（P<0.01）;不同取样部位羊驼毛纤维直径、原毛油脂含量、毛丛自然长度、单纤维强力、含杂率存在极显著差异（P<0.01）,无髓毛含量和有髓毛含量存在显著差异（P<0.05）。以羊驼毛细度越细毛品质越优为准,结合单纤维强力、毛丛自然长度等性状,羊驼不同部位的毛纤维质量从高到低依次为：背、侧、股、肩、颈、颌及腹部。在育种中可将提高无髓毛含量作为新疆羊驼毛细度的选育目标,将提高净毛率和单纤维强力作为山西、天津羊驼毛育种方向,同时可考虑提高羊驼颈、颌、腹部的无髓毛含量,以提高羊驼整体毛品质水平。     

7味蒙药对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌体外抑菌试验研究

为筛选出对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus,S. aureus）和大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli,E. coli）具有良好抑菌作用的蒙药,试验采用打孔法测定S. aureus和E. coli对石榴皮、诃子、小白蒿、黄芩、黄芪、苦参、铁线莲7味蒙药敏感程度,微量稀释法测定蒙药的最小抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）,棋盘法测定敏感蒙药对S. aureus和E. coli的协同指数（fractional inhibitory concentration index,FICI）。结果显示：石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对S. aureus的抑菌圈直径为23.30~32.60 mm,MIC为0.98~7.80 mg/mL;石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对E. coli的抑菌圈直径为5.20~12.50 mm,MIC为7.80~31.50 mg/mL;石榴皮与诃子联合用药对S. aureus的FICI为1.00,为相加作用;诃子与黄芩、石榴皮分别联合用药对E. coli的FICI都为0.75,为相加作用。综上所述,石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对S. aureus综合抑菌效果达极度敏感或高度敏感;石榴皮、诃子、黄芩3味蒙药对E. coli综合抑菌效果达极度敏感或高度敏感;在抑制S. aureus的配方中石榴皮、黄芩、诃子可被优先考虑;在抑制E. coli的配方中黄芩、诃子、石榴皮可被优先考虑。