Changes in extractive components and microbial proliferation during fermentation of fish sauce from underutilized fish species and quality of final products

To make use of underutilized fish species and produce high-quality condiments substitutable for those of mammalian origin, fish sauces were produced on a small industrial scale from three fish species, the flyingfish Cypselurus agoo agoo, the small dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus, and the deepsea smelt Glossanodon semifasciatus, using salt and koji mold. During 180 days of fermentation, the pH decreased to approximately 4.5 and total nitrogen and free amino acids increased to approximately 2 g/100 mL and 6000 mg/100 mL, respectively. Halophilic and extreme halophilic bacterial counts dramatically increased from 10⁶ to 10⁸ colony forming units/mL between days 14 and 30 and decreased the reafter. In the final products, the pH and salt concentration decreased to between soy sauce and a Vietnamese fish sauce, Nuoc mam. The total amino acid and organic acid contents were almost the same as those of Nuoc mam and soy sauce. Sensory evaluation found these products to have lower smell, saltiness, and bitterness, and higher sweetness and umami taste than Nuoc mam. During fermentation, the histamine content increased in one or two of three fermentation tanks for each fish species. As a result, the histamine content of the final products was higher than that in Nuoc mam.