Comparison of anthelmintic activity of pyrantel, praziquantel, and nitazoxanide against Anoplocephala perfoliata in Horses

Three anthelmintics were compared for efficacy in reducing the egg production of Anoplocephala perfoliata in a herd of central Texas horses. Two trials were run, 1 in mares and the other in weanlings that were diagnosed as being infected with Anoplocephala by recovery of eggs in 5 g of feces with sugar centrifugation. Each animal was evaluated twice before treatment and again twice following treatment (at weeks 2 and 4 after treatment). The criteria for infection were the recovery of eggs on at least 1 occasion before treatment and the finding of eggs on 1 day following treatment. The mares were treated 1 time with either pyrantel pamoate at 13.2 mg/kg, nitazoxanide at 100 mg/kg, praziquantel at 1.23 mg/kg or remained as untreated controls. The weanlings were treated with pyrantel at 13.7 mg/kg nitazoxanide at 100 mg/kg or remained as untreated controls. The percentage reduction of patient infection in mares after treatment with pyrantel was 83%, with nitazoxanide was 78%, and with praziquantel was 83% and in controls was 17%. There was a 75% reduction of patient weanlings treated with pyrantel or nitazoxanide and a 17% reduction in untreated controls. The reduction of infection in all horses treated with any drug was significantly different from controls. All of the drugs were somewhat effective in the control of Anoplocephala, and there were no differences among the drugs in their effectiveness.

Introduction

Anoplocephala perfoliata, the lappeted tapeworm, is an inhabitant of the intestine of equids. Adult tapeworms attach to the intestinal mucosa at the ileocaecal valve and, when present in large numbers, cause edema and hypertrophy of the ileum. The disease manifest by this infection may be inapparent or may give rise to colic (abdominal pain) in the horse apparently from mechanical obstruction or intussusception of the small intestine into the caecocolon.^{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8} The prevalence of infection is geographically variable^{9, 10, 11, 12 and 13} but appears to be increasing,¹⁴ with a much higher rate of infection found with necropsy as opposed to fecal observations. Horses become infected by the ingestion of infected orbatid mites in pastures. Orbatid mites, the intermediate hosts, are predatory and are found in decaying organic material, such as leaf litter. Horses of all ages are infected, but there are lower numbers of clinical cases in horses older than 4 years of age.⁴ The intensity of infection is highest in the late summer and autumn.^{8 and 12} Anthelmintics with reported efficacy against A perfoliata include pyrantel pamoate at 13.2 mg/kg,¹⁰ pyrantel tartrate at 2.6 mg/kg for 30 days,¹⁵ pyrantel embonate at 38 mg/kg,¹⁶ and praziquantel at 1 to 2 mg/kg.^{17 and 18} Nitazoxanide has not been evaluated for Anoplocephala but was included in the trial because of its effects against nematodes and tapeworms in humans.¹⁹ Because Anoplocephala infections may cause disease and there is a perception that current anthelmintics may not be as effective as in the past, a study was done to compare anthelmintics to lower the intensity of fecal egg counts in a herd of horses in central Texas.

Materials and methods

Quarter horse mares and weanlings from a single herd were evaluated with 5 g of feces with a sucrose double centrifugation test to determine whether eggs of Anoplocephala were present.²⁰ Feces from each individual horse were evaluated twice, once approximately 2 weeks before treatment and again on the day of treatment. If Anoplocephala eggs were found on either date, the horse was considered to have positive results. Within each group (mares or weanlings), the treatment selection was randomly allocated as the horses were restrained for treatment. Fecal samples were again evaluated at 14 and 28 days after treatment for the presence or absence of eggs on either day.The dose for each individual horse was determined by chest girth weight tape at the time of treatment. The treatments were as follows: pyrantel pamoate (Strongid-T, Pfizer Animal Health, Exton, Pa) at 13.7 mg/kg via nasogastric intubation (12 mares, 8 weanlings), nitazoxanide oral paste (Nitazoxanide, Idexx Laboratories, Westbrook, Me) at 100 mg/kg (9 mares, 8 weanlings), praziquantel (Droncet injectable, Bayer Corp, Shawnee Mission, Kan) at 1.23 mg/kg via nasogastric intubation (6 mares), and untreated controls (6 mares, 6 weanlings). A 1-tailed Fisher exact test was used to compare rates of infection before and after treatment. If a mare or foal did not have positive results before treatment, it was not evaluated in this study.

Results and discussion

No abnormal clinical signs were seen after treatment with any of the products. Treatment was administered to several additional animals with each product, but they were not included in the analysis if they did not have positive results on 1 of the 2 evaluations before treatment, hence, the different numbers of horses in treatment groups.None of the horses in the trial exhibited clinical signs associated with the infection of A perfoliata. However, before the trial, a mare from the infected herd exhibited signs of colic and Anoplocephala eggs were detected in the feces. Examination of the remainder of the herd gave impetus to the study.Mean egg counts before and after treatment are given in the Table.The presence of strongylate and Parascaris eggs in weanlings served as a control of the methodology of evaluation. The difficulty of finding Anoplocephala eggs has been recognized by several authors,^{5, 8, 13, 14 and 21} but the authors also recognize that when there were greater numbers of parasites there was increased egg production. Therefore, finding of eggs with fecal flotation indicated that there were 20 worms or more. However, there appears to be no correlation between the number of worms and egg counts once the detection threshold is reached,²² so the criterion for evaluation was the presence of eggs in the feces before treatment compared with after treatment. Although mean egg counts were not compared, the number of eggs in each infected horse was less after treatment in all groups compared with untreated controls (Table). The method of evaluation used in this study cannot be equated to those of critical^{10 and 16} or control¹⁴ studies in which horses are killed so that all worms are detected. However, the use of clinical studies to compare compounds is useful in detecting which anthelmintics are likely to be of value against geographically distinct populations of worms. Admittedly, more sampling may have increased the number of horses with positive results, both before and after treatment.     

APPLICATION OF THE PIN-HOLE COLLIMATOR IN SMALL ANIMAL NUCLEAR SCINTIGRAPHY: A REVIEW

The pin-hole collimator is used to improve spatial resolution and magnify areas of interest. The pin-hole collimator has many applications in small animal veterinary scintigraphy. The principles of image formation for the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators are reviewed. The effects of distance on resolution and sensitivity are presented for the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators. Specific application of the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators. Specific application of the pin-hole collimator in veternary scintigraphy are discussed.     

PULSED WAVE-DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE COMMON CAROTID ARTERY IN THE RESTING HORSE: PHYSIOLOGIC DATA

A pulsed wave-Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of common carotid arterial blood flow was carried out on 63 healthy Italian Saddlebred horses. Vessel diameter and tracing morphology were evaluated were evaluated and blood flow parameters (systolic, diastolic and mean velocity, acceleration and deceleration of the systolic wave, cartid pulse volume) were calculated and correlated with class variables (sex, age and body weight). On the basis of the presence of an incisure in the ascending branch of the systolic curve, subjects were divided in two groups: one with a bifid systolic curve and the other with a monophasic aspect. Correlations between: 1) diameter of the vessel and body weight and 2) carotid pulse volume and flow velocity (systolic, diastolic and mean) were found. A greater systolic pulse volume was found in male subjects, in subjects with greater body weight and in those which had a monophasic systolic wave.     

Laparoscopic Cryptorchid Castration in Standing Horses

Objective — This article describes a new technique for laparoscopic cryptorchid castration in standing horses. Study Design — Prospective study. Animals or Sample Population — Eight horses aged 11 months to 3 years and weighing between 300 and 643 kg. Methods — Food was withheld for 24 to 36 hours, and then horses were sedated with detomidine HC1 (0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (0.02 mg/kg). The paralumbar fossa region was desensitized with 2% mepivacaine in an inverted “L” pattern and caudal epidural anesthesia was administered with either xylazine (0.18 mg/kg diluted to 10 to 15 mL with 0.9% sodium chloride) or a combination of 2% mepivacaine and xylazine (0.18 mg/kg). Initial laparoscopic exploration was performed from the left flank; in three horses, right flank laparoscopy was needed to complete the procedure. The spermatic cord was ligated within the abdomen with one or two sutures of 0 polydioxanone suture, and the testis or testes removed through a flank incision. Results — In five horses with no palpably descended testes, standing laparoscopy was the only procedure performed, whereas in two horses, the abdominal testis was removed laparoscopically, and the descended testis was removed under short acting anesthesia. In one horse, with nonpalpable testes, it was determined by laparoscopic observation that the testes were in the inguinal canal, and castration was performed under general anesthesia. No surgical or postoperative complications were noted. The right side of the abdomen, and especially the right vaginal ring, could be easily observed from the left side by passing the laparoscope through a small perforation in the mesocolon of the descending colon or by elevating the descending colon with an instrument or by use of an arm in the rectum. Conclusions — The standing laparoscopic approach combined with or without short-acting anesthesia to remove the descended testis is easily performed. Clinical Relevance — This approach will provide surgeons with another option to castrate cryptorchid stallions.     

Ex Vivo Biomechanical Comparison of Pin Fixation Techniques for Canine Distal Femoral Physeal Fractures

Objective— To compare the biomechanical properties of five intramedullary (IM) pin fixation techniques for Salter-Harris type I fractures of the distal femur in dogs.
Study Design— Randomized, one-way factorial design composed of five treatment groups: (1) single IM pin, (2) dynamic IM crossed pins, (3) paired convergent pins, (4) crossed pins, and (5) crossed polyglycolic acid (PGA) rods.
Sample Population— Forty pairs of cadaver canine femurs.
Materials— One femur of each pair was manually fractured and subsequently repaired; the contralateral intact femur served as its control. Each femur was loaded in torsion until failure occurred and load-deformation curves were generated.
Results— The crossed-pin technique sustained the greatest load to failure (116.8%) followed by the paired convergent pins (104.8%), dynamic IM pins (90.6%), single IM pin (72.1%), and crossed PGA rods (71.9%). Statistically significant differences in strength at failure were detected between the crossed-pin and single IM pin and the crossed-pin and crossed PGA rod techniques. All fixation techniques underwent greater deformation (1.5 times as much) and had a lower stiffness (66% to 75%) compared with the intact controls; however, there was no significant difference between techniques. Failure in the paired convergent and crossed-pin techniques occurred by fracture of the bone; failure in the other techniques occurred by distraction at the fracture site.
Conclusion— The rotational stability of any of the fixation techniques appears to be primarily determined by the ability to prevent distraction and maintain interdigitation of the physis.
Clinical Relevance— When choosing a particular fixation technique for repair of a distal femoral physeal fracture, consideration should be given to the technique's relative biomechanical merits.     

Bread dough toxicosis in dogs

Objective: To provide information on the ingestion, and subsequent toxicity, of raw bread dough in dogs. Case summary: A report from the ASPCA animal poison control center (APCC) files of 3 cases of ingestion of raw bread dough by dogs. Clinical signs included vomiting, ataxia, blindness, hypothermia, and recumbency. All dogs were successfully treated for ethanol toxicosis. New information: Ingestion of bread dough can cause gastric obstruction, bloat, or ethanol toxicosis. The treatment of ethanol toxicosis, including decontamination, IV fluids, management of metabolic acidosis, and hypoglycemia is discussed. Yohimbine can be used in cases where the dog is comatose or has developed severe respiratory depression.