Contribution of lipoprotein lipase activity to the differential growth of three adipose tissue depots in young broiler chickens

1. The growth of three distinct adipose tissue depots around the abdomen, neck and thigh was measured in a commercial strain of broiler, and related to the changes in activity of lipoprotein lipase within each depot.

2. At 10 d of age there was no significant difference between the weights of the depots. Thereafter the abdominal fat pad exhibited a much greater rate of growth than the other two depots so that by 55 d of age the abdominal fat pad was 4 times the size of the leg depot and 3.4 times the size of the neck depot.

3. Changes in total lipoprotein lipase activity for all three depots showed a similar pattern to the changes in their weight.

4. When [¹⁴C]‐VLDL was injected intravenously into birds at 15 and 57 d of age the percentage taken up into the abdominal fat pad was greater than that into the other two depots at both ages. At 57 d of age the abdominal fat pad had a 2.3‐fold greater uptake than at 15 d whereas the other two depots showed no significant differences at the two ages.

5. These results provide further evidence for a key role of lipoprotein lipase in regulating adipose tissue growth in broilers. They also demonstrate that although the abdominal fat pad has been used in a number of studies of adipose tissue metabolism it is not necessarily representative of other depots.     

Parvovirus infections in dogs and cats: problems of immunization

The general problems of immunization against parvoviroses are only understandable when knowing the basic principles of epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunology of those virus infections. The main difficulties with regard to vaccinations are 1. efficacy of homologous respectively heterologous vaccines, 2. indications for live resp. inactivated vaccines, 3. combination with other vaccines, 4. bridging of the "immunological gap" (refractory phase) of puppies, 5. mode of application and timing of vaccinations (schedule of vaccinations), 6. failure in vaccinated animals, 7. complications originating from vaccinations, 8. passive immunization.     

Diurnal and seasonal occurrence,feeding habits and mating behavior ofMaladera matrida adults in Israel

Adult populations ofMaladera matrida Argaman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a beetle highly injurious to agricultural crops, were studied in the coastal plain of Israel from 1985 to 1988. There were two generations annually. Adults emerged in March, April or May and disappeared in October or November. The beetles are on the wing, mate, and feed at twilight and in the dark. Feeding and mating behavior, sex ratio, and preferred food plants were studied.     

Check-list for scientific names of common parasitic fungi. Series 3b: Fungi on bulbs: Amaryllidaceae and Iridaceae

This list is a continuation of Series 3a (Neth. J. Pl. Path. 94 (1988), Supplement 1), an account of the nomenclature of common parasitic fungi on bulbs as used in official publications of the Netherlands Society of Plant Pathology and the Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. The selected names include one new species,Curvularia gladioli Boerema & Hamers, one new pathogenic form,Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.croci Boerema & Hamers, and one new combination,Sclerotium narcissi (Sacc.) Boerema & Hamers.A contribution towards the costs of publication provided by the Landbouw Export Bureau Fund, Wageningen, is gratefully acknowledged.     

The impact of the Department of Phytopathology at the Wageningen Agricultural University, as evaluated by citation analysis

The results of a citation analysis of all publications by the Department of Phytopathology which appeared in the period 1969–1987, but based on citations recorded by the Science Citation Index only, are presented. Together with the results of an analysis of self-citations by the eight most cited authors they suggest, that phytopathology as a science is poorly covered by the Science Citation Index.Een citatie-analyse van alle in de periode 1969–1987 verschenen publikaties van de Vakgroep Fytopathologie omvatte uitsluitend citaties voorzover vermeld in de Science Citation Index (SCI).Enkele vermeldenswaardige resultaten betreffen de krommen, die de cumulatieve citatie-aantallen weergeven (Figuren 1b en 2b) en de grafiek, die de relatieve bijdrage van uiteenlopende publikaties aan het totaal der citaties uitbeeldt (Fig. 3). Uit Fig. 2b blijkt, dat het citatieverloop van een gemiddelde publikatie het karakter van een logistische groeikromme vertoont: na een lagfase en een fase van exponentiële groei vlakt de kromme at naar een stationaire fase. Uit Fig. 3 kan worden afgeleid, dat weinig artikelen veel, en vele weinig tot het totale aantal citaties bijdragen; zo nemen 25 van de in totaal 321 geciteerde artikelen 50% van het totale aantal (3659) citaties voor hun rekening!     

A survey of anthelmintic resistance on ten goat farms in the Manawatu region in 1988

A survey of anthelmintic resistance on ten goat farms was carried out. The criterion for resistance was a faecal egg count reduction (FECR) of <90 percent based on arithmetic means of 11 to 19 goats per group. It was found that nine of the ten farms harboured nematodes resistant to oxfendazole when used at 5mg/kg although on two of these, the FECR's were 89.2 percent and 89.8 percent. Post treatment larval cultures indicated Haemonchus, Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus were the resistant genera involved. On none of the ten farms was resistance to oral ivermectin at 0.2mg/kg detected.     

Effect of saturated fat on growth,body fat composition and carcase quality in chicks

1. The effects of feeding two fats with different degrees of saturation on skin tearing, carcase quality and body fat composition were examined in male and female chickens.

2. No differences in growth or efficiency of food utilisation were apparent on feeding the more saturated fat. Skin tearing was slightly reduced and carcase quality slightly improved on feeding the more saturated fat for 28 d.

3. Decreases in linoleic acid content in intra‐abdominal fat were apparent after 14 d feeding the diet containing saturated fat. These decreases were greater after feeding the saturated fat for 28 d.     

Simple acid-base disorders

The body regulates pH closely to maintain homeostasis. The pH of blood can be represented by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pK + log [HCO3-]/PCO2 Thus, pH is a function of the ratio between bicarbonate ion concentration [HCO3-] and carbon dioxide tension (PCO2). There are four simple acid base disorders: (1) Metabolic acidosis, (2) respiratory acidosis, (3) metabolic alkalosis, and (4) respiratory alkalosis. Metabolic acidosis is the most common disorder encountered in clinical practice. The respiratory contribution to a change in pH can be determined by measuring PCO2 and the metabolic component by measuring the base excess. Unless it is desirable to know the oxygenation status of a patient, venous blood samples will usually be sufficient. Metabolic acidosis can result from an increase of acid in the body or by excess loss of bicarbonate. Measurement of the "anion-gap" [(Na+ + K+) - (Cl- + HCO3-)], may help to diagnose the cause of the metabolic acidosis. Treatment of all acid-base disorders must be aimed at diagnosis and correction of the underlying disease process. Specific treatment may be required when changes in pH are severe (pH less than 7.2 or pH greater than 7.6). Treatment of severe metabolic acidosis requires the use of sodium bicarbonate, but blood pH and gases should be monitored closely to avoid an "overshoot" alkalosis. Changes in pH may be accompanied by alterations in plasma potassium concentrations, and it is recommended that plasma potassium be monitored closely during treatment of acid-base disturbances.     

The problem of the pathomorphological diagnosis "death by drowning"--case histories

The paper describes pathomorphological findings in two dogs and one cat with the intention to clarify whether these animals died by drowning. The investigations are supplemented by experimental results of water instillation into the lung to induce signs of emphysema aquosum post mortem. Additionally, histopathology of the skin lesions due to water exposition after death are demonstrated by systematic investigations of four different localizations for 10 days. Critical evaluation of the results and literature references in human forensic pathology indicate that post mortem findings as described in this paper, especially those of the so called "drowning lung" can be attributed to death by drowning.