澳洲淡水龙虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)商业饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉研究

水产动物红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus),俗称澳洲淡水龙虾,在热带和亚热带区域养殖发展十分迅速。由于饲料工业处于初级发展期,红螯螯虾营养需求与各种原料消化吸收率数据极其有限,生产饲料一般并未按照螯虾的特殊要求来单独设计配方。考虑到近期鱼粉价格上涨,使用类似鸡肉粉等替代蛋白源显得更为经济。本研究评价螯虾幼虾投喂使用鸡肉粉替代鱼粉的商业饲料生长效果。红螯螯虾幼虾(0.45±0.01) g暂养在户外圆池(容积24 600 L),密度为12.5尾/m2。养殖池水源为水库抽提,养殖期间保持流水。小龙虾投喂6种饲料,蛋白为26%,粗脂肪为7%,每个处理4个重复,在同等环境条件下生长良好。基础饲料中的鱼粉按比例被鸡肉粉替代,鱼粉含量递减为15%、12%、9%、6%、3%和0,而鸡肉粉含量递增为7.8%、10.5%、13.2%、15.8%、18.5%和21.2%,等氮等能饲料。经过56 d养殖试验,小龙虾所有试验组的存活率大于83%,增长11.3 g以上,处理组间没有显著差异。基于以上试验结果,可以得出结论,鸡肉粉适合作为小龙虾饲料中鱼粉的替代物。     

The developmental pattern of c-fos expression in the rat thalamus following open-field stress stimulation

The thalamic nuclei with their defined set of input-output connections are the primary channel for information flow to the cerebral cortex. Several data suggest that neurons of that area are involved in the response to various aversive stimulations. However the pattern of activation seems to depend on the stress model as well as the stage of maturation. In the present study we would like to check which nuclei of the thalamus show expression of c-fos in the response to the "open field test", and how this response pattern changes during the maturation process. 30 rats of age ranged from P0 to P120 (P-postnatal day) were studied. The experimental group was exposed to the "open field test" for 10 minutes. After perfusion and fixation, brains were cut and stained for c-fos with immunohistochemical method. Our results showed that during development the pattern of c-fos activity in the thalamic nuclei after stress stimulation undergoes significant changes. Distinct c-fos expression was observed in the paraventricular nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. These findings suggest that these nuclei may play a direct role in the stress reaction involved in the response to the "open field test".     

Importation of parasites by tourism and animal trading

International transport of animals is associated with an enhanced risk of import of a number of parasite species that are not endemic in Germany. Pets accompany tourists on journeys all over the world, but in particular to southern Europe, and dogs are increasingly imported from (sub-)tropical countries for reasons of animal welfare. Veterinary practitioners are thus confronted with parasites that are unusual in their patients. The specific transmission routes determine whether an imported parasite is able to become endemic. Although parasites eradicated in Germany such as Trypanosoma equiperdum and Tritrichomonas foetus may be principally imported they are unlikely to re-establish due to the current epidemiological conditions. Imported animals that harbour parasites which may occur naturally but are currently rare in Germany are a potential source of increased infection risk. Certain areas in Germany have probably become endemic for Babesia canis and the respective vector tick Dermacentor reticulatus has been found. Whether other vector borne parasitic diseases such as leishmaniosis or heartworm disease have the potential to spread into Germany is still a matter of debate.     

Yeasts and algae isolated from cows with mastitis in the south-eastern part of Poland

The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of mycotic and protohecal mastitis in herds in south-eastern part of Poland. A total of 3091 milk samples from udder quarters with clinical and subclinical mastitis from 29 dairy herds was investigated in this survey. Milk samples were plated as soon as possible on blood agar (BA), Mac Conkey agar, aesculin-tallium acetate-crystal violet agar, and Sabouraud agar. A hundred and thirty one yeast (4.23%) and eleven Protoheca zopfii (0.35%) strains were isolated from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis. All the isolated fungi were the yeast classified into 4 genera (Candida, Trichosporon, Saccharomyces and Rhodotorula). The most frequently isolated yeasts were Candida sp., C. kefyr, C. humicola, C. rugosa and C. inconspicua. Both fungi and algae were isolated first of all during a confinement-housing season.     

通过饲料接种的新城疫疫苗V4-UPM——乡村鸡群免疫的有力武器

乡村鸡群中的新城疫得不到控制,这一宝贵资源就不能得到充分利用。但用通常的商品疫苗和接种方法是行不通的,现已开发并测试了一种以饲料为载体的疫苗,而且前景美好。     

A mechanistic model for predicting the nutrient requirements and feed biological values for sheep

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), a mechanistic model that predicts nutrient requirements and biological values of feeds for cattle, was modified for use with sheep. Published equations were added for predicting the energy and protein requirements of sheep, with a special emphasis on dairy sheep, whose specific needs are not considered by most sheep-feeding systems. The CNCPS for cattle equations that are used to predict the supply of nutrients from each feed were modified to include new solid and liquid ruminal passage rates for sheep, and revised equations were inserted to predict metabolic fecal N. Equations were added to predict fluxes in body energy and protein reserves from BW and condition score. When evaluated with data from seven published studies (19 treatments), for which the CNCPS for sheep predicted positive ruminal N balance, the CNCPS for sheep predicted OM digestibility, which is used to predict feed ME values, with no mean bias (1.1 g/100 g of OM; P > 0.10) and a low root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE; 3.6 g/100 g of OM). Crude protein digestibility, which is used to predict N excretion, was evaluated with eight published studies (23 treatments). The model predicted CP digestibility with no mean bias (-1.9 g/100 g of CP; P > 0.10) but with a large RMSPE (7.2 g/100 g of CP). Evaluation with a data set of published studies in which the CNCPS for sheep predicted negative ruminal N balance indicated that the model tended to underpredict OM digestibility (mean bias of -3.3 g/100 g of OM, P > 0.10; RMSPE = 6.5 g/100 g of OM; n = 12) and to overpredict CP digestibility (mean bias of 2.7 g/100 g of CP, P > 0.10; RMSPE = 12.8 g/100 g of CP; n = 7). The ability of the CNCPS for sheep to predict gains and losses in shrunk BW was evaluated using data from six studies with adult sheep (13 treatments with lactating ewes and 16 with dry ewes). It accurately predicted variations in shrunk BW when diets had positive N balance (mean bias of 5.8 g/d; P > 0.10; RMSPE of 30.0 g/d; n = 15), whereas it markedly overpredicted the variations in shrunk BW when ruminal balance was negative (mean bias of 53.4 g/d, P < 0.05; RMSPE = 84.1 g/d; n = 14). These evaluations indicated that the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for Sheep can be used to predict energy and protein requirements, feed biological values, and BW gains and losses in adult sheep.     

Piscine mycobacteriosis: a literature review covering the agent and the disease it causes in fish and humans

Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum and M. chelonae are the etiological agents of fish mycobacteriosis. Fish mycobacteriosis is a disseminated infection reported in more than 150 fish species and is usually accompanied by emaciation and death over a period of months to years. Granulomas are formed both externally and scattered throughout the internal organs. Treatment is in most cases unsatisfactory and the overall recommendation is to destroy the diseased stock, particularly since these pathogens are capable of affecting man as well as fish. Especially fish handlers and aquarium hobbyists are infected and the disease is mostly confined to the superficial, cooler body tissues, most often the extremities. Dissemination is apparently rare but has been reported.     

Morphometric and quantitative evaluation of the NADH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons of the jejunum of streptozotocin-diabetic rats supplemented with acetyl-L-carnitine

Summary In this study we investigated the effect of the acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) supplementation on the myenteric neurons of the jejunum of rats made diabetic at the age of 105 days by streptozotocin (35 mg/kg body weight). Four groups were used: non-diabetic (C), non-diabetic supplemented with ALC (CC), diabetic (D), diabetic supplemented with ALC (DC). After 15 weeks of diabetes induction the blood was collected by cardiac puncture to evaluate glycaemia and glycated haemoglobin. Next the animals were killed and the jejunum was collected and subjected to whole-mount preparation to evidence the myenteric neurons through the histochemical technique of the NADH-diaphorase. The neuronal counts were made in 80 microscopic fields, in tissue samples of five animals of each group. The profiles of the cell bodies of 1000 neurons per group were analysed. Diabetes induced a significant increase in the area of the cell body and decrease in the number of NADH-diaphorase positive myoenteric neurons. ALC suplementation to the diabetic group promoted smaller hypertrophic effects and less neuronal loss than in the myoenteric neurons of the diabetic rats, and in addition diminished the body weight decrease and reduced the fasting glycaemia.