15N tracers and microbial analyses reveal in situ N2O sources in contrasting water regimes of a drained peatland forest

Managed peatlands are a significant source of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a powerful greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone depleter. Due to the complexity and diversity of microbial N₂O processes, different methods such as tracer, isotopomer, and microbiological technologies are required to understand these processes. The combined application of different methods helps to precisely estimate these processes, which is crucial for the future management of drained peatlands, and to mitigate soil degradation and negative atmospheric impact. In this study, we investigated N₂O sources by combining tracer, isotopomer, and microbial analysis in a drained peatland forest under flooded and drained treatments. On average, the nitrification genes showed higher abundances in the drained treatment, and the denitrification genes showed higher abundances in the flooded treatment. This is consistent with the underlying chemistry, as nitrification requires oxygen while denitrification is anaerobic. We observed significant differences in labelled N₂O fluxes between the drained and flooded treatments. The emissions of N₂O from the flooded treatment were nearly negligible, whereas the N₂O evolved from the nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N)-labelled ammonium (¹⁵NH⁺₄) in the drained treatment peaked at 147 μg ¹⁵N m^-2 h^-1. This initially suggested nitrification as the driving mechanism behind N₂O fluxes in drained peatlands, but based on the genetic data, isotopic analysis, and N₂O mass enrichment, we conclude that hybrid N₂O formation involving ammonia oxidation was the main source of N₂O emissions in the drained treatment. Based on the ¹⁵N-labelled nitrate (¹⁵NO-₃) tracer addition and gene copy numbers, the low N₂O emissions in the flooded treatment came possibly from complete denitrification producing inert dinitrogen. At atomic level, we observed selective enrichment of mass 45 of N₂O molecule under ¹⁵NH⁺₄ amendment in the drained treatment and enrichment of both masses 45 and 46 under ¹⁵NO-₃ amendment in the flooded treatment. The selective enrichment of mass 45 in the drained treatment indicated the presence of hybrid N₂O formation, which was also supported by the high abundances of archaeal genes.     

Growth and nutrient accumulation of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) in agroforestry at different fertilizer levels

The Brazil nut tree(Bertholletia excelsa) is a frequent component of agroforestry systems in the Amazon because of its adaptation to nutrient-poor upland soils and multiple uses.We investigated the aboveground biomass production(kg dry weight),nutrient uptake and requirements(N,P,Ca,Mg,K) of Brazil nut trees of different sizes grown under agroforestry conditions and fertilized at different levels.Eight of 70 experimental trees with different size were harvested and stem,branches and leaves were separated.Nutrient contents were determined for three trees of varying size.Average tree growth was fast,but variability was high,suggesting considerable potential for the improvement of this economically important species.The trees responded to increased levels of fertilizer and lime with significantly increased foliar nutrient contents and growth,probably because of the improved availability of Mg and Ca for which the species seems to have a relatively high demand.In contrast to Brazil nut trees grown in forest or dense plantations,the agroforestry trees invested a substantial part of their biomass and nutrients in large branches and developed spreading crowns.To improve stem form,reduce competition with associated crops for light and recycle nutrients,regular pruning of lower branches or planting arrangements that favor self-pruning are recommended.These measures would also increase the recycling of Ca and Mg,large quantities of which are contained in the branches.     

IFA和ELISA检测J亚群禽白血病病毒的比较研究

为比较3种禽白血病病毒(ALV)抗原检测ELISA试剂盒的特异性和灵敏度,将J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-J)传染性克隆rNX0101株以病毒原液(9×103TCID50)、10倍病毒稀释液(9×102TCID50)、100倍病毒稀释液(90 TCID50)接种培养于6孔板的DF1细胞,每孔均提前放入灭菌的细胞爬片,于接种后第1~6天每天取上清用3种ELISA试剂盒(A、B、C)检测ALV p27抗原,同时在接种后的第3天和第6天取出细胞爬片进行间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测。结果表明,IFA方法对高、中、低剂量接种3 d后均可检出ALV-J的感染,而ELISA试剂盒中只有A试剂盒在高剂量接种时才能检出,试剂盒B和试剂盒C最早要在第4天才可检出;中、低剂量接种,3种试剂盒在第4~5天才能检出;第6天时,由于病毒的明显复制,无论IFA方法还是3种ELISA试剂盒都可检出ALV-J的感染。本研究结果为正确选择商品化禽白血病抗原检测试剂盒提供了借鉴。     

Ground vegetation,forest floor and mineral topsoil in a clear-cutting and reforested Scots pine stands of different ages: a case studyOA

Scots pine( Pinus sylvestris L.) is a dominant tree species on nutrient-poor sandy soils in the Baltic region’s hemiboreal forests. A final clear-cut in commercial stands is a common practice. However, the maintenance of relatively stable vegetation indices and ecological processes throughout the rotation promote new scientific and social debates. Overall, clear-cuttings disturb forest functions for a certain period, i.e., phytocenoses with forest-based species composition, biodiversity, and veg...     

济南市紫花苜蓿害虫和天敌种类及其发生动态的研究

为了控制紫花苜蓿害虫的危害,提高紫花苜蓿的产量和质量。2011年5-8月,本研究系统调查了济南唐王紫花苜蓿害虫和天敌昆虫的种类,分析了主要害虫及天敌的发生动态。结果表明：紫花苜蓿昆虫种类繁多,共7目14科32种,其中主要害虫有蚜虫、蓟马、叶蝉、盲蝽,主要天敌有草蛉、瓢甲、食蚜蝇等。蚜虫5-6月份危害严重,7-8月份少量发生;蓟马在紫花苜蓿的整个生长季节均有发生;叶蝉和盲蝽的发生有2个高峰期,分别在6月中旬和7月中旬。本研究为控制紫花苜蓿害虫提供直接、客观依据。     

犬角膜炎创伤疗法的观察研究

为了探讨犬角膜炎创伤疗法结合药物疗法与一般药物治疗的临床疗效,收集2011年9月到2012年5月到新疆农业大学动物医院就诊的患犬42例(45只眼),采用随机分组法将42例角膜炎患犬分为:治疗组15例(15只眼),采用创伤疗法结合药物滴眼进行治疗;对照1组13例(15只眼),单纯予以药物滴眼治疗;对照2组14例(15只眼),单纯予以结膜下给药进行治疗,对3组进行对比观察分析。临床治疗结果表明:创伤疗法结合药物滴眼治疗犬角膜炎的治愈率为86.67%,总有效率为93.33%,远高于其他两个对照组,说明创伤疗法结合药物滴眼治疗犬角膜炎效果较好。     

Computer-based gait analysis of dogs: Evaluation of kinetic and kinematic parameters after cemented and cementless total hip replacement

To date it is unclear whether cementless total hip replacement (THR) in dogs is of clinical advantage in comparison to cemented THR with regard to lameness improvement. Thus the aim of this study was to compare objectively the development of the gait pattern after cemented and cementless THR in dogs. For this purpose, 18 adult dogs with hip dysplasia underwent computer-based gait analysis on an instrumented treadmill prior to unilateral THR and then again ten days, four weeks and four months after surgery. Analysed kinetic parameters were symmetry indices (SI) of vertical ground reaction forces (GRF), which included peak vertical forces (PFz), mean vertical forces (MFz), vertical impulse (IFz), and vertical ground reaction forces of the arthroplasty limbs only. Analysed kinematic parameters were range-of-motion and the flexion and extension angles of hip, stifle and hock joints. The symmetry indice for PVF, MFz and IFz decreased to a value less than six in both THR groups four months after surgery, which is defined as not lame. Improvement in lameness of the arthroplasty limbs during the examination period of four months was not significantly different between the cemented and cementless groups. The results suggest that within a short-term observation period of four months after surgery, neither cementless nor cemented THR have a greater advantage with regard to lameness improvement. Additional studies with larger pools of subjects and longer time periods for follow-up examinations are necessary to verify these findings.     

浅析牛羊调运的检疫监管

对牛羊调运检疫工作进行监管,能够有效的控制动物疫情的发生,也能够避免危害性疫病流入销售市场。本文对牛羊调运的检疫监管进行研究及分析,以确保牛羊调运检疫工作的顺利开展。     

返青期醉马草株体对几种牧草种子萌发的化感作用

以采自新疆天山北坡的醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)株体为供体植物,红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)3种补播牧草及醉马草自身为受体植物,采用培养皿滤纸法研究返青期醉马草不同营养器官水浸液在0.2、0.1、0.05和0.025g·mL-1 4个浓度下对这4种植物种子萌发的化感作用。结果表明,醉马草株体水浸液对4种植物种子的化感作用均表现为抑制作用,且敏感性从强到弱依次为醉马草无芒雀麦红豆草紫花苜蓿;不同部位的醉马草水浸液化感作用强度为茎叶根;醉马草株体水浸液对紫花苜蓿种子的萌发具有低浓度(0.025g·mL-1)促进、高浓度(0.2g·mL-1)抑制的作用,而对无芒雀麦、红豆草和醉马草种子,则不同浓度呈现出不同程度的抑制效应。因此,建议使用紫花苜蓿等耐受性较好的牧草来对醉马草爆发区进行春季补播恢复。     

Chromatin condensation but not DNA integrity of pig sperm is greater in the sperm-rich fractionOA

Background Protamination and condensation of sperm chromatin as well as DNA integrity play an essential role during fertilization and embryo development. In some mammals, like pigs, ejaculates are emitted in three separate fractions: pre-sperm, sperm-rich(SRF) and post sperm-rich(PSRF). These fractions are known to vary in volume, sperm concentration and quality, as well as in the origin and composition of seminal plasma(SP), with differences being also observed within the SRF one. Yet, whether ...