奶牛配种员应具备的条件

为了贯彻落实中央1号文件精神，扶持“三农”，促进农牧业增效、农牧民增收，农业部采取了一系列扶持农牧业发展的政策。奶牛良种补贴项目，作为国家农业良种补贴的一项具体的政策，近年来补贴的力度明显增大，这对处于政策实施第一线的配种员提出了更高的要求。如果不加大奶牛配种员的管理工作，不提出严格要求，将直接影响到奶牛良种补贴项目的顺利实施。在此，浅显地谈谈奶牛配种员应具备的条件，以供同行参考。     

牛怏速育肥技术及工作要点

牛集中90～100d进行强化快速育肥,具有饲养周期短、资金周转快、饲料报酬高、生产成本低、经济效益显著等特点.舍饲快速育肥牛,应做好以下几个方面的工作:     

牟柿逡滴穹桨干杓粕蚱嫱本┯实绱笱С炭

0070003000476-77卫星通信与“村村通”电话工程丛海嵩亚洲卫星有限公司0通讯世界Telecom World75TN927.2I136;9;II136_9;丛海嵩000700030010000478千兆以太网测试解决方案(下)美国胜利电讯公司0通讯世界Telecom     

Growth and nutrient accumulation of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) in agroforestry at different fertilizer levels

The Brazil nut tree(Bertholletia excelsa) is a frequent component of agroforestry systems in the Amazon because of its adaptation to nutrient-poor upland soils and multiple uses.We investigated the aboveground biomass production(kg dry weight),nutrient uptake and requirements(N,P,Ca,Mg,K) of Brazil nut trees of different sizes grown under agroforestry conditions and fertilized at different levels.Eight of 70 experimental trees with different size were harvested and stem,branches and leaves were separated.Nutrient contents were determined for three trees of varying size.Average tree growth was fast,but variability was high,suggesting considerable potential for the improvement of this economically important species.The trees responded to increased levels of fertilizer and lime with significantly increased foliar nutrient contents and growth,probably because of the improved availability of Mg and Ca for which the species seems to have a relatively high demand.In contrast to Brazil nut trees grown in forest or dense plantations,the agroforestry trees invested a substantial part of their biomass and nutrients in large branches and developed spreading crowns.To improve stem form,reduce competition with associated crops for light and recycle nutrients,regular pruning of lower branches or planting arrangements that favor self-pruning are recommended.These measures would also increase the recycling of Ca and Mg,large quantities of which are contained in the branches.     

Why cuckoos should parasitize parrotbills by laying eggs randomly rather than laying eggs matching the egg appearance of parrotbill hosts?

The coevolutionary interaction between cuckoos and their hosts has been studied for a long time, but to date some puzzles still remain unsolved. Whether cuckoos parasitize their hosts by laying eggs randomly or matching the egg morphs of their hosts is one of the mysteries of the cuckoo problem. Scientists tend to believe that cuckoos lay eggs matching the appearance of host eggs due to selection caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own eggs.In this paper, we first review previous empirical studies to test this mystery and found no studies have provided direct evidence of cuckoos choosing to parasitize host nests where egg color and pattern match. We then present examples of unmatched cuckoo eggs in host nests and key life history traits of cuckoos, e.g. secretive behavior and rapid egg-laying and link them to cuckoo egg laying behavior. Finally we develop a conceptual model to demonstrate the egg laying behaviour of cuckoos and propose an empirical test that can provide direct evidence of the egg-laying properties of female cuckoos. We speculate that the degree of egg matching between cuckoo eggs and those of the host as detected by humans is caused by the ability of the hosts to recognize their own eggs, rather than the selection of matching host eggs by cuckoos. The case of Common Cuckoos(Cuculus canorus) and their parrotbill hosts(Paradoxornis alphonsianus), where it has been shown that both have evolved polymorphic eggs(mainly blue and white), was used to develop a conceptual model to demonstrate why cuckoos should utilize parrotbill hosts by laying eggs randomly rather than laying eggs matching the appearance of host eggs.In conclusion, we found no evidence for the hypothesis that cuckoos lay eggs based on own egg color matching that of the parrotbill-cuckoo system. We argue theoretically that laying eggs matching those of the hosts in this system violates a key trait of the life history of cuckoos and therefore should be maladaptive.     

Changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis for primiparous Holstein dairy cows during early lactation

Background:The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk during IMI challenge with Escherichia coli(E.coli) for dairy cows during early lactation.Thirty,healthy primiparous Holstein cows were infused(h = 0) with-20-40 cfu of live ? coli into one front mammary quarter at ~4-6wk in lactation.Daily feed intake and milk yield were recorded.At-12,0,3,6,12,18,24,36,48,60,72,96,108,120,132,144,156,168,180 and 192 h relative to challenge rectal temperatures were recorded and quarter foremilk was collected for analysis of shedding of E.coli.Composite milk samples were collected at-180,-132,-84,-36,-12,12,24,36,48,60,72,84,96,132 and 180 h relative to challenge(h = 0) and analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),somatic cell count,fat,protein,lactose,citrate,beta-hydroxybutyrate(BHBA),free glucose(fglu),and glucose-6-phosphate(G6P).Blood was collected at-12,0,3,6,12,18,24,36,60,72,84,132 and 180 h relative to challenge and analyzed for plasma non-esterified fatty acids(NEFA),BHBA and glucose concentration.A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effect of IMI challenge on metabolic responses of cows during early lactation.Results:By 12 h,E.coli was recovered from challenged quarters and shedding continued through 72 h.Rectal temperature peaked by 12 h post-challenge and returned to pre-challenge values by 36 h post-IMI challenge.Daily feed intake and milk yield decreased(P 0.05) by 1 and 2 d,respectively,after mastitis challenge.Plasma BHBA decreased(12 h;P 0.05) from 0.96 ± 1.1 at 0 h to 0.57 ±0.64 mmol/L by 18 h whereas concentration of plasma NEFA(18 h) and glucose(24 h) were significantly greater,11 and 27%,respectively,after challenge.In milk,fglu,lactose,citrate,fat and protein yield were lower whereas yield of BHBA and G6 P were higher after challenge when compared to pre-challenge values.Conclusions:Changes in metabolites in blood and milk were most likely associated with drops in feed intake and milk yield.However,the early rise in plasma NEFA may also signify enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis.Lower concentrations of plasma BHBA may be attributed to an increase transfer into milk after IMI.Decreases in both milk lactose yield and%after challenge may be partly attributed to reduced conversion of fglu to lactose.Rises in G6 P yield and concentration in milk after challenge(24 h) may signify increased conversion of fglu to G6 P.Results identify changes in various metabolic parameters in blood and milk after IMI challenge with E.coli in dairy cows that may partly explain the partitioning of nutrients and changes in milk components after IMI for cows during early lactation.     

Compressive failure of spruce wood rings reinforced with glass epoxy composite

We experimentally tested under radial compressive loads and statistically analyzed rings constructed from spruce wood and reinforced with glass fiber.We used the Weibull distribution in statistical analysis,and tested five types of rings including unreinforced and composite reinforced(CR) as wound around the ring,oriented as two layers at angles of 45°,60°,75° and 90° to the column axis.We calculated 95 % reliability of load carrying capacity of the rings by Weibull distribution.The highest load carrying capacity was obtained with CR rings at 60° to the axial axis of the ring.Load carrying capacities of rings at CR90,CR75,CR60 and CR45 were 137,192,215 and 126 %greater,respectively,than unreinforced rings.For unreinforced rings,failures resulted from catastrophic breaking of wood materials.None of the reinforced rings failed catastrophically because the outer surface of the rings was reinforced with glass–epoxy composite fiber.Cracks began at the core of the materials under the composite layer for all specimens and resulted in failure of the rings.     

露地洋葱水肥一体化优质高产栽培技术

近年来,人们对洋葱需求量逐年增加,而实现洋葱规模化种植是满足市场需求和提高品质的最好方法.本文通过生产实践调查,从地块选择、种子处理、播种技术、田间管理、适时收获等方面总结洋葱水肥一体化优质高产栽培管理技术,供种植户参考.     

还田时期对绿肥用油菜腐解与养分释放规律的影响

探讨绿肥用油菜还田时期对干物质腐解与养分释放规律的影响,以期为华北地区油菜用作绿肥及后茬作物减氮增效提供理论依据。采用尼龙网袋埋田法研究了绿肥油菜初花期(G1)、盛花期(G2)和角果成熟期(G3)还田的干物质腐解与养分释放规律。结果表明,G1 处理油菜还田干物质量比G2 和G3 处理显著减少45.43% 和46.87%;G1 和G2 处理还田时碳含量低于G3 处理,G1 处理氮和磷含量最高,分别为28.17 和5.21 g/kg,钾含量表现为G1>G2>G3,G1 与G3 处理差异显著。绿肥油菜还田后分快速、中速和慢速腐解3 个阶段,持续期分别为还田后0 ～ 17、18 ～ 45 和46 ～ 123 d,阶段内累积腐解率分别达44.27% ～ 66.87%、12.56% ～ 29.18% 和4.49% ～ 13.81%,最终累积腐解率达60.53% ～ 91.87%;G1 和G2 处理间腐解率无显著差异,但显著高于G3 处理。绿肥油菜还田后碳、氮、磷和钾释放率与腐解率对应亦表现为前期快速释放、中期缓慢释放、后期趋于平稳的规律,且养分累积释放率均表现为钾> 碳> 氮> 磷。经腐解,G1 处理碳、氮、磷和钾累积释放率分别为94.70%、92.97%、88.76% 和93.26%,G2 处理分别为84.25%、86.32%、86.51% 和92.52%,G3 处理分别为72.52%、59.97%、68.54%和87.67%;G2 处理氮、磷和钾释放量最高,分别为125.15、22.88 和50.42 kg/hm²,且G2 处理氮、磷释放量显著高于G1 和G3 处理,G2 处理的钾释放量与G3 处理无明显差异。综上所述,华北地区绿肥油菜在盛花期还田干物质量大且氮、磷、钾释放量最高,是最适宜的还田时期,可为下茬作物减施化肥提供技术支撑与理论依据。     

新疆额尔齐斯河流域苦杨与欧洲黑杨遗传多样性分析

应用SSR标记技术,对新疆额尔齐斯河流域河谷分布的苦杨(Populus laurifoli)和欧洲黑杨(Populus nigra)天然居群的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究。结果显示:苦杨和欧洲黑杨的天然居群具有较高的遗传多样性,且苦杨明显高于欧洲黑杨。与苦杨居群相比,欧洲黑杨居群间基因流较高,居群间的遗传分化程度较小,变异主要源于居群内。苦杨和欧洲黑杨居群内的杂合度较高,各个居群的各项遗传参数都要小于物种水平。苦杨和欧洲黑杨均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,表现为杂合子过量的现象。