外源稀土和磷素在土柱中的相互作用

Rare earth elements (REEs) increasingly used in agriculture as an amendment for crop growth may help to lessen environmental losses of phosphorus (P) from heavily fertilized soils. The vertical transport characteristics of P and REEs, lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), and cerium (Ce), were investigated with addition of exogenous REEs at various doses to packed soil columns (20 cm deep). Vertical transfers of REEs and P were relatively small, with transport depths less than 6 cm for most REEs and P. Export of applied REEs in leachate accounted for less that 5% of inputs. The addition of Ce, Nd and Sm to soil columns significantly decreased concentrations of extractable soil P up to a depth of 4 cm, with soil P concentrations unaffected at depths > 4 cm. In general, REEs had little effect on the vertical leaching of P in packed soil columns.     

气候和土壤质地对中国东北地区旱地土壤有机碳影响的尺度效应

Understanding how spatial scale inffuences commonly-observed effiects of climate and soil texture on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is important for accurately estimating the SOC pool at different scales. The relationships among climate factors, soil texture and SOC density at the regional, provincial, city, and county scales were evaluated at both the soil surface (0-20 cm) and throughout the soil profile (0-100 cm) in the Northeast China uplands. We examined 1022 profiles obtained from the Second National Soil Survey of China. The results indicated that the relationships between climate factors and SOC density generally weakened with decreasing spatial scale. The provincial scale was optimal to assess the relationship between climate factors and SOC density because regional differences among provinces were covered up at the regional scale. However, the relationship between soil texture and SOC density had no obvious trend with increasing scale and changed with temperature. There were great differences in the impacts of climate factors and soil texture on SOC density at different scales. Climate factors had a larger effect on SOC density than soil texture at the regional scale. Similar trends were seen in Heilongjiang and eastern Inner Mongolia at the provincial scale. But, soil texture had a greater effect on SOC density compared with climate factors in Jilin and Liaoning. At the city and county scales, the inffuence of soil texture on SOC density was more important than climate factors.     

地中海山地土壤中团聚体的形成和有机质的储存

Soil aggregation and organic matter of soils from the pre-Pyrenean range in Catalonia (NE Spain) were studied, in order to assess their quality as carbon sinks and also to select the best soil management practices to preserve their quality. Aggregate stability, organic carbon and micromorphology were investigated. The highest amount of organic carbon was found in alluvial, deep soils (228 Mg C ha^-1), and the lowest was in a shallow, stony soil with a low plant cover (78 Mg C ha^-1). Subsurface horizons of degraded soils under pastures were the ones with smaller and less-stable aggregates. Fresh residues of organic matter (OM) were found mostly in interaggregate spaces. Within the aggregates there were some organic remains that were beginning to decompose, and also impregnative nodules of amorphous OM. Although OM was evenly distributed among the aggregate fractions, the larger blocky peds had more specific surface, contained less decomposed OM and had a lower organic/mineral interphase than smaller crumb aggregates, which were also more stable. Soil carbon storage was affected primarily by the OM inputs in the surface horizons. In order to store organic carbon over the mid-and long-term periods, the mechanisms favouring structuration through biological activity and creating small aggregates with intrapedal stable microporosities seemed to be the most effective.     

大型蒸渗仪的设计、建造与安装（英）

蒸渗仪是用来研究营养元素在农田中的运移的系统,本文系统描述了一种大型蒸渗仪的设计,建造与安装。试验采用湖北地区典型土壤类型黄棕壤与潮土,在华中农业大学校园内每种土壤安装16个大型蒸渗仪。蒸渗仪采用减少土柱的扰动的方法建造,并填充凡士林减少土壤水分的边缘流动。蒸渗仪采用外径630 mm高700 mm厚10 mm的PVC管作材料。土柱建成后安装在预制PVC底座上,底座中间有一圆孔外接淋失液收集装置。淋失液收集后用来测定淋失液离子含量。试验结果表明,相同土壤土柱之间淋失量差异不显著,没有检测到水分的边缘流动;同时建设效率高,费用低。     

“玉米带”改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应模拟

该文针对美国密西西比河上游明尼苏达州农田排水氮素流失严重,近年来又大力发展生物燃料产业的现状,采用田间水文模型——DRAINMOD模拟分析了玉米-大豆轮作区改种多年生草类后对农田排水的水文效应。结果表明改种多年生草后,植物耗水量的增加使得农田排水量明显减少;较深的草根系,尤其是在干旱年份消耗了大量的深层土壤水,降低了地下水位。种草后的生物排水量远远大于其他工程措施（如增加排水间距或潜埋排水管等）,可显著减少农田排水氮素流失对水环境的影响。     

邻域距离对细胞自动机模型模拟土地利用变化精度的影响

细胞自动机原理广泛应用于土地利用变化空间模拟。邻域距离是细胞自动机模型的主要参数,但在以往研究中讨论较少。该研究利用土地利用变化模型（CLUE-S）邻域模拟模块,以北京市密云县1991－2004年的土地利用变化模拟为例,研究了模型中不同邻域距离参数对土地利用空间变化模拟精度的影响。基于1991年真实土地利用数据,选择200、400、600、1 000和1 200 m的邻域距离在两种邻域形状下分别模拟了2004年土地利用空间分布。通过2004年实际土地利用空间数据和模拟数据比较,利用kappa系数评价模拟结果精度。结果表明,在两种邻域形状下,邻域距离的变化对模拟结果精度都有较大影响。环状邻域距离的增大会导致模拟精度的降低,面状邻域距离的增大则导致模拟精度先增后降。不同土地类型对邻域距离变化的敏感程度和反应皆不相同。今后在土地利用变化模型应用中,对细胞自动机模型的验证过程中需考虑对邻域距离的研究和讨论。     

日光温室保温被卷放位置对温度环境的影响

温室保温被卷放位置影响着室内的太阳能得热及通过前屋面的散热,从而影响着温室温度。该研究以室外气象因子为模拟输入条件,分别模拟晴天、阴天不同保温被卷放位置对12 m跨度日光温室温度环境的影响。保温被卷放位置分别为保温被卷至前屋面一半与至顶2种方案。模拟结果显示：白天保温被卷至前屋面一半的室内空气温度高于保温被卷至屋顶的温度,而夜间2种方案室内空气温度差异不明显;晴天保温被卷至屋顶与卷至前屋面一半相比,可明显提高夜间墙体表面温度,但对后坡的夜间表面温度影响较小。该研究结果对温室生产中晴天、阴天保温被卷的合理放     

清华大学钟毅课题组阐明果蝇短期记忆遗忘机理

新获取的记忆如果未经强化记忆通常会很快遗忘,这种记忆遗忘被认为是由于新获取记忆本身的不稳定性或随后获取信息的干扰所造成的.近日,来自清华大学钟毅课题组的研究人员在这种短期记忆遗忘机理研究上取得重大进展,该研究认为这种快速遗忘是一种主动行为,用以抹掉旧的记忆腾出空间来存储新的记忆.相关研究结果于2010年2月19日发表在(Cell)杂志上,并被列为同期的特色文章(Featured Article).     

硬粒小麦中γ-45麦醇溶蛋白基因表达的丧失

硬粒小麦(MG 41392)种子蛋白质的电泳分析表明Υ-45麦醇溶蛋白缺失,然而,通常与其密切相关的ω-麦醇溶蛋白和低分子量(LMW)谷朊亚单位却存在.对这种基因型中DNA基因聚合酶连锁反应(PCR)的研究表明,45型硬粒小麦品种存在着典型扩增谱带.这个发现已由Southern印迹分析研究进一步证实,并显示所有存在于45型硬粒麦类作物中的α-麦醇溶蛋白的杂交带,即有Υ-45麦醇溶蛋白基因存在,但未能表达。     

马铃薯地下害虫的防治

<正>我县气候、土壤、水、肥条件适合于马铃薯的栽培,产量高,质量好。但是马铃薯种植区不同程度的发生地老虎、蝼蛄、蛴螬等地下害虫危害,春季地温回升后,害虫昼伏夜出,在土壤表层潜行,咬食马铃薯幼根和嫩茎。害虫严重时咬断叶柄、